Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data Basic information Dates Date of document: Date of publication: Date of effect: December 13, 1995 Entry into force - Date pub. + 20 See 192E191 -P 1 Date of transposition: Date of end of validity: Modified by Modified by: All documents based on this document: Règlement provisoire relatif à la protection des données appliquant la directive 95/46/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil à l'Observatoire européen des phénomènes racistes et xénophobes (EUMC) Repealed by: Modifies Affected by case Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 24 September 2019. Google LLC, successor in law to Google Inc. v Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL). Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d'État. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Personal data — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of such data — Directive 95/46/EC — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 — Internet search engines — Processing of data on web pages — Territorial scope of the right to de-referencing. Case C-507/17. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 27 September 2017. Peter Puškár v Finančné riaditeľstvo Slovenskej republiky and Kriminálny úrad finančnej správy. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Najvyšší súd Slovenskej republiky. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 7, 8 and 47 — Directive 95/46/EC — Articles 1, 7 and 13 — Processing of personal data — Article 4(3) TEU — Drawing up of a list of personal data — Subject matter — Tax collection — Fight against tax fraud — Judicial review — Protection of fundamental rights and freedoms — Legal action dependent on a requirement of a prior administrative complaint — Whether that list is permissible as evidence — Rules on the lawfulness of the processing of personal data — Performance of a task carried out in the public interest by the controller. Case C-73/16. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 July 2020. Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Limited and Maximillian Schrems. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 7, 8 and 47 — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 — Article 2(2) — Scope — Transfers of personal data to third countries for commercial purposes — Article 45 — Commission adequacy decision — Article 46 — Transfers subject to appropriate safeguards — Article 58 — Powers of the supervisory authorities — Processing of the data transferred by the public authorities of a third country for national security purposes — Assessment of the adequacy of the level of protection in the third country — Decision 2010/87/EU — Protective standard clauses on the transfer of personal data to third countries — Suitable safeguards provided by the data controller — Validity — Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/1250 — Adequacy of the protection provided by the EU-US Privacy Shield — Validity — Complaint by a natural person whose data was transferred from the European Union to the United States. Case C-311/18. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 1 October 2015. Weltimmo s.r.o. v Nemzeti Adatvédelmi és Információszabadság Hatóság. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Kúria. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Articles 4(1) and 28(1), (3) and (6) — Controller who is formally established in a Member State — Impairment of the right to the protection of personal data concerning natural persons in another Member State — Determination of the applicable law and the competent supervisory authority — Exercise of the powers of the supervisory authority — Power to impose penalties. Case C-230/14. A28P6 A28P3 A04P1LA A28P4 A28P1 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 9 March 2017. Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v Salvatore Manni. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Corte suprema di cassazione. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 6(1)(e) — Data subject to disclosure in the companies register — First Directive 68/151/EEC — Article 3 — Winding-up of the company concerned — Restriction of access to that data by third parties. Case C-398/15. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 19 October 2016. Patrick Breyer v Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 2(a) — Article 7(f) — Definition of ‘personal data’ — Internet protocol addresses — Storage of data by an online media services provider — National legislation not permitting the legitimate interest pursued by the controller to be taken into account. Case C-582/14. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 11 December 2019. TK v Asociaţia de Proprietari bloc M5A-ScaraA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Bucureşti. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 7 and 8 — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 6(1)(c) and Article 7(f) — Making the processing of personal data legitimate — National legislation allowing video surveillance for the purposes of ensuring the safety and protection of individuals, property and valuables and for the pursuit of legitimate interests, without the data subject’s consent — Installation of a video surveillance system in the common parts of a residential building. Case C-708/18. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 6 October 2015. Maximillian Schrems v Data Protection Commissioner. Request for a preliminary ruling from the High Court (Ireland). Reference for a preliminary ruling — Personal data — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of such data — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 7, 8 and 47 — Directive 95/46/EC — Articles 25 and 28 — Transfer of personal data to third countries — Decision 2000/520/EC — Transfer of personal data to the United States — Inadequate level of protection — Validity — Complaint by an individual whose data has been transferred from the European Union to the United States — Powers of the national supervisory authorities. Case C-362/14. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 1 October 2019. Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverbände - Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband e.V. v Planet49 GmbH. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 95/46/EC — Directive 2002/58/EC — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 — Processing of personal data and protection of privacy in the electronic communications sector — Cookies — Concept of consent of the data subject — Declaration of consent by means of a pre-ticked checkbox. Case C-673/17. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 30 May 2013. Worten — Equipamentos para o Lar SA v Autoridade para as Condições de Trabalho (ACT). Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal do Trabalho de Viseu. Processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 2 — Concept of ‘personal data’ — Articles 6 and 7 — Principles relating to data quality and criteria for making data processing legitimate — Article 17 — Security of processing — Working time — Record of working time — Access by the national authority responsible for monitoring working conditions — Employer’s obligation to make available the record of working time so as to allow its immediate consultation. Case C‑342/12. A06P1LC A02LA A06P1LB A07LE A07LC Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 16 January 2019. Deutsche Post AG v Hauptzollamt Köln. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Finanzgericht Düsseldorf. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Customs union — The Union Customs Code — Article 39 — Status of authorised economic operator — Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447 — The second subparagraph of Article 24(1) — Applicant not a natural person — Questionnaire — Collection of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Articles 6 and 7 — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 — Articles 5 and 6 — Processing of personal data. Case C-496/17. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 24 November 2011. Asociación Nacional de Establecimientos Financieros de Crédito (ASNEF) (C-468/10) and Federación de Comercio Electrónico y Marketing Directo (FECEMD) (C-469/10) v Administración del Estado. References for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal Supremo - Spain. Processing of personal data - Directive 95/46/EC - Article 7(f) - Direct effect. Joined cases C-468/10 and C-469/10. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 7 November 2013. Institut professionnel des agents immobiliers (IPI) v Geoffrey Englebert and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Cour constitutionnelle (Belgium). Processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Articles 10 and 11 — Obligation to inform — Article 13(1)(d) and (g) — Exceptions — Scope of exceptions — Private detectives acting for the supervisory body of a regulated profession — Directive 2002/58/EC — Article 15(1). Case C‑473/12. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 24 September 2019. GC and Others v Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés (CNIL). Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d'État. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Personal data — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data contained on websites — Directive 95/46/EC — Regulation (EU) 2016/679 — Search engines on the internet — Processing of data appearing on websites — Special categories of data referred to in Article 8 of Directive 95/46 and Articles 9 and 10 of Regulation 2016/679 — Applicability of those articles to operators of a search engine — Extent of that operator’s obligations with respect to those articles — Publication of data on websites solely for journalistic purposes or the purpose of artistic or literary expression — Effect on the handling of a request for de-referencing — Articles 7, 8 and 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Case C-136/17. A08P2LE A08P1 A14L1LA A08P5 A08P4 Case C-524/06: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 December 2008 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Oberverwaltungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen (Germany)) — Heinz Huber v Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Protection of personal data — European citizenship — Principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality — Directive 95/46/EC — Concept of necessity — General processing of personal data relating to citizens of the Union who are nationals of another Member State — Central register of foreign nationals) {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 7 PT E) Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 1 August 2022. OT v Vyriausioji tarnybinės etikos komisija. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vilniaus apygardos administracinis teismas. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Articles 7, 8 and 52(1) – Directive 95/46/EC – Article 7(c) – Article 8(1) – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Point (c) of the first subparagraph of Article 6(1) and the second subparagraph of Article 6(3) – Article 9(1) – Processing necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which the controller is subject – Objective of public interest – Proportionality – Processing of special categories of personal data – National legislation requiring publication on the internet of data contained in the declarations of private interests of natural persons working in the public service or of heads of associations or establishments receiving public funds – Prevention of conflicts of interest and of corruption in the public sector. Case C-184/20. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 7 May 2009. College van burgemeester en wethouders van Rotterdam v M. E. E. Rijkeboer. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Raad van State - Netherlands. Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data - Directive 95/46/EC - Respect for private life - Erasure of data - Right of access to data and to information on the recipients of data - Time-limit on the exercise of the right to access. Case C-553/07. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 29 July 2019. Fashion ID GmbH & Co.KG v Verbraucherzentrale NRW eV. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 2(d) — Notion of ‘controller’ — Operator of a website who has embedded on that website a social plugin that allows the personal data of a visitor to that website to be transferred to the provider of that plugin — Article 7(f) — Lawfulness of data processing — Taking into account of the interest of the operator of the website or of that of the provider of the social plugin — Article 2(h) and Article 7(a) — Consent of the data subject — Article 10 — Informing the data subject — National legislation allowing consumer-protection associations to bring or defend legal proceedings. Case C-40/17. A02LH A02LD A22 A07LA A23 A10 A24 A07LF Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 4 May 2017. Valsts policijas Rīgas reģiona pārvaldes Kārtības policijas pārvalde v Rīgas pašvaldības SIA "Rīgas satiksme". Request for a preliminary ruling from the Augstākās tiesas Administratīvo lietu departaments. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 7(f) — Personal data — Conditions for the lawful processing of personal data — Concept of ‘necessity for the realisation of the legitimate interests of a third party’ — Request for disclosure of personal data of a person responsible for a road accident in order to exercise a legal claim — Obligation on the controller to grant such a request — No such obligation. Case C-13/16. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 December 2008. Heinz Huber v Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Oberverwaltungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen - Germany. Protection of personal data - European citizenship - Principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality - Directive 95/46/EC - Concept of necessity - General processing of personal data relating to citizens of the Union who are nationals of another Member State - Central register of foreign nationals. Case C-524/06. Joined Cases C-92/09 and C-93/09: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 9 November 2010 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden — Germany) — Volker und Markus Schecke GbR (C-92/09), Hartmut Eifert (C-93/09) v Land Hessen (Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data — Publication of information on beneficiaries of agricultural aid — Validity of the provisions of European Union law providing for that publication and laying down detailed rules for such publication — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 7 and 8 — Directive 95/46/EC — Interpretation of Articles 18 and 20) {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 18.2 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 20 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 14 February 2019. Proceedings brought by Sergejs Buivids. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Augstākā tiesa. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 3 — Scope — Video recording of police officers carrying out procedural measures in a police station — Publication on a video website — Article 9 — Processing of personal data solely for journalistic purposes — Meaning — Freedom of expression — Protection of privacy. Case C-345/17. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 28 July 2016. Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Amazon EU Sàrl. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Judicial cooperation in civil matters — Regulations (EC) No 864/2007 and (EC) No 593/2008 — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Data protection — Directive 95/46/EC — Online sales contracts concluded with consumers resident in other Member States — Unfair terms — General terms and conditions containing a choice-of-law term applying the law of the Member State in which the company is established — Determination of the applicable law for assessing the unfairness of terms in those general terms and conditions in an action for an injunction — Determination of the law governing the processing of personal data of consumers. Case C-191/15. Judgment of the Court of 6 November 2003. Criminal proceedings against Bodil Lindqvist. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Göta hovrätt - Sweden. Directive 95/46/EC - Scope - Publication of personal data on the internet - Place of publication - Definition of transfer of personal data to third countries - Freedom of expression - Compatibility with Directive 95/46 of greater protection for personal data under the national legislation of a Member State. Case C-101/01. Judgment of the Court of 20 May 2003. Rechnungshof (C-465/00) v Österreichischer Rundfunk and Others and Christa Neukomm (C-138/01) and Joseph Lauermann (C-139/01) v Österreichischer Rundfunk. References for a preliminary ruling: Verfassungsgerichtshof (C-465/00) and Oberster Gerichtshof (C-138/01 and C-139/01) - Austria. Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data - Directive 95/46/EC - Protection of private life - Disclosure of data on the income of employees of bodies subject to control by the Rechnungshof. Joined cases C-465/00, C-138/01 and C-139/01. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 17 July 2014. YS v Minister voor Immigratie, Integratie en Asiel and Minister voor Immigratie, Integratie en Asiel v M and S. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Rechtbank Middelburget and from the Raad van State. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Articles 2, 12 and 13 — Concept of ‘personal data’ — Scope of the right of access of a data subject — Data relating to the applicant for a residence permit and legal analysis contained in an administrative document preparatory to the decision — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 8 and 41. Joined Cases C‑141/12 and C‑372/12. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 24 November 2011. Scarlet Extended SA v Société belge des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs SCRL (SABAM). Reference for a preliminary ruling: Cour d'appel de Bruxelles - Belgium. Information society - Copyright - Internet - ‘Peer-to-peer’ software - Internet service providers - Installation of a system for filtering electronic communications in order to prevent file sharing which infringes copyright - No general obligation to monitor information transmitted. Case C-70/10. Order of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 19 June 2014. Pharmacontinente - Saúde e Higiene SA and Others v Autoridade Para As Condições do Trabalho (ACT). Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal do Trabalho de Covilhã. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 2 — Concept of ‘personal data’ — Articles 6 and 7 — Principles relating to data quality and criteria for making data processing legitimate — Article 17 — Security of processing — Working time — Record of working time — Access by the national authority responsible for monitoring working conditions — Employer’s obligation to make available the record of working time so as to allow its immediate consultation. Case C‑683/13. A07LE A06P1LC A02LA A07LC A06P1LB Case C-553/07: Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 7 May 2009 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Raad van State (Netherlands)) — College van burgemeester en wethouders van Rotterdam v M.E.E. Rijkeboer (Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Respect for private life — Erasure of data — Right of access to data and to information on the recipients of data — Time-limit on the exercise of the right to access) {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 12 PT A) Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 1 October 2015. Smaranda Bara and Others v Casa Naţională de Asigurări de Sănătate and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 95/46/EC — Processing of personal data — Articles 10 and 11 — Data subjects’ information — Article 13 — Exceptions and limitations — Transfer by a public administrative body of a Member State of personal tax data for processing by another public administrative body. Case C-201/14. Case C-73/07: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 December 2008 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Korkein hallinto-oikeus — Finland) — Tietosuojavaltuutettu v Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy, Satamedia Oy (Directive 95/46/EC — Scope — Processing and flow of tax data of a personal nature — Protection of natural persons — Freedom of expression) {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 3.1 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 9 Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 8 December 2022. TU and RE v Google LLC. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Directive 95/46/EC – Article 12(b) – Point (a) of the first paragraph of Article 14 – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 17(3)(a) – Operator of an internet search engine – Research carried out on the basis of a person’s name – Displaying a link to articles containing allegedly inaccurate information in the list of search results – Displaying, in the form of thumbnails, photographs illustrating those articles in the list of results of an image search – Request for de-referencing made to the operator of the search engine – Weighing-up of fundamental rights – Articles 7, 8, 11 and 16 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Obligations and responsibilities of the operator of the search engine in respect of processing a request for de-referencing – Burden of proof on the person requesting de-referencing. Case C-460/20. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber), 11 December 2014. František Ryneš v Úřad pro ochranu osobních údajů. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Nejvyšší správní soud. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 95/46/EC — Protection of individuals — Processing of personal data — Concept of ‘in the course of a purely personal or household activity’. Case C‑212/13. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 20 December 2017. Peter Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Supreme Court. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Article 2(a) — Concept of ‘personal data’ — Written answers submitted by a candidate in a professional examination — Examiner’s comments with respect to those answers — Article 12(a) and (b) — Extent of the data subject’s rights to access and rectification. Case C-434/16. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 16 December 2008. Tietosuojavaltuutettu v Satakunnan Markkinapörssi Oy and Satamedia Oy. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Korkein hallinto-oikeus - Finland. Directive 95/46/EC - Scope - Processing and flow of tax data of a personal nature - Protection of natural persons - Freedom of expression. Case C-73/07. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 5 June 2018. Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein v Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesverwaltungsgericht. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 95/46/EC — Personal data — Protection of natural persons with respect to the processing of that data — Order to deactivate a Facebook page (fan page) enabling the collection and processing of certain data of visitors to that page — Article 2(d) — Controller responsible for the processing of personal data — Article 4 — Applicable national law — Article 28 — National supervisory authorities — Powers of intervention of those authorities. Case C-210/16. A28P6 A04P1LA A02LD A28P3 A28 A04 Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber), 12 December 2013. X. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Gerechtshof te ’s-Hertogenbosch. Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Conditions for exercising a right of access — Levying of excessive fees. Case C‑486/12. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber), 13 May 2014. Google Spain SL and Google Inc. v Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) and Mario Costeja González. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Nacional. Personal data — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of such data — Directive 95/46/EC — Articles 2, 4, 12 and 14 — Material and territorial scope — Internet search engines — Processing of data contained on websites — Searching for, indexing and storage of such data — Responsibility of the operator of the search engine — Establishment on the territory of a Member State — Extent of that operator’s obligations and of the data subject’s rights — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 7 and 8. Case C‑131/12. A04P1LA A02LB A14L1LA A02LD A12LB Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 9 November 2010. Volker und Markus Schecke GbR (C-92/09) and Hartmut Eifert (C-93/09) v Land Hessen. References for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Wiesbaden - Germany. Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data - Publication of information on beneficiaries of agricultural aid - Validity of the provisions of European Union law providing for that publication and laying down detailed rules for such publication - Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - Articles 7 and 8 - Directive 95/46/EC - Interpretation of Articles 18 and 20. Joined cases C-92/09 and C-93/09. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 10 July 2018. Proceedings brought by Tietosuojavaltuutettu. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Korkein hallinto-oikeus. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data — Directive 95/46/EC — Scope of the directive — Article 3 — Data collected and processed by the members of a religious community in the course of their door-to-door preaching — Article 2(c) — Definition of a ‘personal data filing system’ — Article 2(d) — Definition of a ‘controller’ of the processing of personal data — Article 10(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Case C-25/17. A03P2T1 A02LC A03P2T2 A02LD A03P2 Case C-21/23, Lindenapotheke: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof (Germany) lodged on 19 January 2023 — ND v DR Case C-708/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from Tribunalul Bucureşti (Romania) lodged on 6 November 2018 — TK v Asociaţia de Proprietari bloc M5A Scara-A article 6 paragraph 1 point (e) article 7 point (f) Case C-460/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof (Germany) lodged on 24 September 2020 — TU, RE v Google LLC article 12 point (b) article 14 paragraph 1 point (a) Case C-25/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Korkein hallinto-oikeus (Finland) lodged on 19 January 2017 — Tietosuojavaltuutettu v Jehovah’s Witnesses — Religious Community article 3 paragraph 2 recital 26 article 2 point (c) article 2 point (d) recital 27 Case C-345/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Augstākā tiesa (Latvia) lodged on 12 June 2017 — Sergejs Buivids Case C-424/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 31 July 2015 — Xabier Ormaetxea Garai and Bernardo Lorenzo Almendros v Administración del Estado Case C-507/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d’État (France) lodged on 21 August 2017 — Google Inc. v Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL) article 14 point (a) article 12 point (b) Case C-70/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Raad van State (Netherlands) lodged on 2 February 2018 — Staatssecretaris van Justitie en Veiligheid v A and Others article 2 point (a) article 2 point (b) Case C-191/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria) lodged on 27 April 2015 — Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Amazon EU Sàrl article 4 paragraph 1 PT A) Case C-311/18: Reference for a preliminary ruling from the High Court (Ireland) made on 9 May 2018 — Data Protection Commissioner v Facebook Ireland Limited, Maximillian Schrems article 25 article 26 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 2 indent 1 article 28 paragraph 3 CONSID 11 article 25 paragraph 6 article 25 paragraph 2 article 26 paragraph 4 article 26 Case C-434/16: Reference for a preliminary ruling from Supreme Court (Ireland) made on 4 August 2016 — Peter Nowak v Data Protection Commissioner Case C-13/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Augstākā tiesa (Latvia) lodged on 8 January 2016 — Valsts policijas Rīgas reģiona pārvaldes Kārtības policijas pārvalde v Rīgas pašvaldības SIA ‘Rīgas satiksme’ Case C-40/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf (Germany) lodged on 26 January 2017 — Fashion ID GmbH & Co.KG v Verbraucherzentrale NRW eV article 24 article 23 article 2 point (h) article 7 point (f) article 7 point (a) article 2 point (d) article 22 article 10 Case C-398/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Corte suprema di cassazione (Italy) lodged on 23 July 2015 — Camera di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura di Lecce v Salvatore Manni Case C-687/18: Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Court of Appeal (England & Wales) (Civil Division) made on 7 November 2018 — SY v Associated Newspapers Ltd article 9 article 22 article 23 Case C-61/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from Tribunalul București (Romania) lodged on 29 January 2019 — Orange Romania SA v Autoritatea Națională de Supraveghere a Prelucrării Datelor cu Caracter Personal Case C-192/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Raad van State (Netherlands) lodged on 24 April 2015 — T.D. Rease, P. Wullems; other party: College bescherming persoonsgegevens article 28 paragraph 3 article 28 paragraph 4 article 4 paragraph 1 point c Case C-73/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Najvyšší súd Slovenskej republiky (Slovakia) lodged on 10 February 2016 — Peter Puškár v Finančné riaditeľstvo Slovenskej republiky, Kriminálny úrad finančnej správy article 13 paragraph 1 point (f) article 7 point (e) article 1 paragraph 1 article 17 paragraph 1 article 2 paragraph 1 article 13 paragraph 1 point (e) Case C-136/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Conseil d’État (France) lodged on 15 March 2017 — G.C., A.F., B.H., E.D. v Commission nationale de l’informatique et des libertés (CNIL) article 8 paragraph 2 point (a) article 8 paragraph 2 point (e) article 8 paragraph 5 article 9 article 8 paragraph 1 Case C-673/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof (Germany) lodged on 30 November 2017 — Planet49 GmbH v Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverbände — Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband e. V. Case C-210/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Germany) lodged on 14 April 2016 — Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein GmbH v Unabhängiges Landeszentrum für Datenschutz Schleswig-Holstein article 24 article 2 point (d) article 28 paragraph 3 article 17 paragraph 2 article 2 point (e) article 28 paragraph 6 article 4 Legal basis TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY TITLE V : COMMON RULES ON COMPETITION TAXATION AND APPROXIMATION OF LAWS CHAPITRE 3 : APPROXIMATIONS OF LAWS ARTICLE 100A TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY PART FIVE: INSTITUTIONS OF THE COMMUNITY TITLE I: PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER 2: PROVISIONS COMMON TO SEVERAL INSTITUTIONS ARTICLE 189B EuroVoc Vocabulary Other sectors for approximation of laws Disclosure of information Programmes Personal data Approximation of laws Dissemination of information Information and verification Human rights Access to information Data protection Protection of privacy Cross-frontier data flow