Article 1Regulation (EC) No 329/2007 is amended as follows:(1)in Article 1, the following points are added:"10."investment services" means the following services and activities:(a)reception and transmission of orders in relation to one or more financial instruments;(b)execution of orders on behalf of clients;(c)dealing on own account;(d)portfolio management;(e)investment advice;(f)underwriting of financial instruments and/or placing of financial instruments on a firm-commitment basis;(g)placing of financial instruments without a firm-commitment basis;(h)any service in relation to the admission to trading on a regulated market or trading on a multilateral trading facility;11."transfer of funds" means:(a)any transaction carried out on behalf of a payer through a payment service provider by electronic means, with a view to making funds available to a payee at a payment service provider, irrespective of whether the payer and the payee are the same person;(b)any transaction by non-electronic means, such as in cash, cheques or accountancy orders, with a view to making funds available to a payee irrespective of whether the payer and the payee are the same person;12."payee" means a natural or legal person that is the intended recipient of transferred funds;13."payer" means a person that holds a payment account and allows a transfer of funds from that payment account, or, where there is no payment account, that gives a transfer-of-funds order;14."payment service provider" means the categories of payment service provider referred to in Article 1(1) of Directive 2007/64/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective 2007/64/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007 on payment services in the internal market amending Directives 97/7/EC, 2002/65/EC, 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 97/5/EC (OJ L 319, 5.12.2007, p. 1)., natural or legal persons benefiting from a waiver pursuant to Article 26 of Directive 2007/64/EC and legal persons benefiting from a waiver pursuant to Article 9 of Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC (OJ L 267, 10.10.2009, p. 7).";, providing transfer-of-funds services.

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Directive 2007/64/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2007 on payment services in the internal market amending Directives 97/7/EC, 2002/65/EC, 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 97/5/EC (OJ L 319, 5.12.2007, p. 1).Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC (OJ L 267, 10.10.2009, p. 7).";(2)in Article 2, paragraph 4 is replaced by the following:"4.It shall be prohibited to:(a)import, purchase or transfer gold, titanium ore, vanadium ore and rare-earth minerals, as listed in Annex Ic, or coal, iron and iron ore, as listed in Annex Id, from North Korea, whether or not originating in North Korea;(b)import, purchase or transfer from North Korea petroleum products, as listed in Annex If, whether or not originating in North Korea;(c)participate, knowingly and intentionally, in activities the object or effect of which is to circumvent the prohibitions referred to in points (a) and (b).Annex Ic shall include gold, titanium ore, vanadium ore and rare-earth minerals referred to in point (a) of paragraph 4.Annex Id shall include coal, iron and iron ore referred to in point (a) of paragraph 4.Annex If shall include the petroleum products referred to in point (b) of paragraph 4.";(3)Article 3a is replaced by the following:

"Article 3a1.By way of derogation from Article 2(1) and Article 3(1), the relevant competent authority of a Member State, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, may authorise, under such terms and conditions as it deems appropriate, the direct or indirect supply, sale, transfer or export of the items and technology, including software, referred to in Article 2(1) or the assistance or brokering services referred to in Article 3(1), provided that the goods and technology, assistance or brokering services are for food, agricultural, medical or other humanitarian purposes.2.The Member State concerned shall inform the other Member States and the Commission, within four weeks, of authorisations granted pursuant to this Article.3.By way of derogation from point (a) of Article 2(1) and points (a) and (b) of Article 3(1), the relevant competent authority of the Member State, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, may authorise the transactions referred to therein under such conditions as it deems appropriate and provided that the UN Security Council has approved the request.4.The Member State concerned shall inform the other Member States and the Commission of any request for approval which it has submitted to the UN Security Council pursuant to paragraph 3.";

(4)Article 3b is replaced by the following:

"Article 3b1.In addition to the obligation to provide the competent customs authorities with the pre-arrival and pre-departure information as determined in the relevant provisions concerning entry and exit summary declarations as well as customs declarations in Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code (OJ L 269, 10.10.2013, p. 1)., Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446 of 28 July 2015 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards detailed rules concerning certain provisions of the Union Customs Code (OJ L 343, 29.12.2015, p. 1). and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447 of 24 November 2015 laying down detailed rules for implementing certain provisions of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down the Union Customs Code (OJ L 343, 29.12.2015, p. 558).";, the person who provides the information referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall declare whether the goods are covered by the EU Common List of Military Equipment or by this Regulation and, where their export is subject to authorisation, specify the goods and technology covered by the export licence granted.2.The required additional elements referred to in this Article shall be submitted using a customs declaration or, in the absence of such a declaration, in any other written form, as appropriate.

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Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013 laying down the Union Customs Code (OJ L 269, 10.10.2013, p. 1).Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446 of 28 July 2015 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards detailed rules concerning certain provisions of the Union Customs Code (OJ L 343, 29.12.2015, p. 1).Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447 of 24 November 2015 laying down detailed rules for implementing certain provisions of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down the Union Customs Code (OJ L 343, 29.12.2015, p. 558).";(5)Article 3c is deleted;(6)Article 4 is replaced by the following:

"Article 41.It shall be prohibited to:(a)sell, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, luxury goods, as listed in Annex III, to North Korea;(b)purchase, import or transfer from North Korea, directly or indirectly, luxury goods, as listed in Annex III, whether or not originating in North Korea;(c)participate, knowingly and intentionally, in activities the object or effect of which is to circumvent the prohibitions referred to in points (a) and (b).2.By way of derogation from point (b) of paragraph 1, the prohibition referred to therein shall not apply to travellers' personal effects or to goods of a non-commercial nature for travellers' personal use contained in their luggage.3.The prohibitions referred to in points (a) and (b) of paragraph 1 shall not apply to goods which are necessary for the official purposes of diplomatic or consular missions of Member States in North Korea or of international organisations enjoying immunities in accordance with international law, or to the personal effects of their staff.4.The relevant competent authority of a Member State, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, may authorise, under such conditions as it deems appropriate, a transaction with regard to goods referred to in point 17 of Annex III, provided that the goods are for humanitarian purposes.";

(7)Article 5 is replaced by the following:

"Article 51.Cargo within or transiting through the Union, including airports, seaports and free zones, as referred to in Articles 243 to 249 of Regulation (EU) No 952/2013, shall be liable for inspection for the purposes of ensuring that it does not contain items prohibited by UN Security Council Resolutions 1718 (2006), 1874 (2009), 2087 (2013), 2094 (2013) or 2270 (2016) or by this Regulation where:(a)the cargo originates from North Korea;(b)the cargo is destined for North Korea;(c)the cargo has been brokered or facilitated by North Korea or its nationals or individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or entities owned or controlled by them;(d)the cargo has been brokered or facilitated by persons, entities or bodies listed in Annex IV;(e)the cargo is being transported on a North Korean flagged vessel or aircraft registered to North Korea, or on a stateless vessel or aircraft.2.Where the cargo falls outside of the scope of paragraph 1, cargo within or transiting through the Union, including airports, seaports and free zones, shall be liable for inspection where there are reasonable grounds to believe that it may contain items the sale, supply, transfer or export of which is prohibited by this Regulation in the following circumstances:(a)the cargo originates from North Korea;(b)the cargo is destined for North Korea; or(c)the cargo has been brokered or facilitated by North Korea or its nationals or individuals or entities acting on their behalf.3.Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall be without prejudice to the inviolability and protection of diplomatic and consular bags provided for in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963.4.The provision of bunkering or ship-supply services, or any other servicing of vessels, to North Korean vessels is prohibited where the providers of the service have information, including from the competent customs authorities on the basis of the pre-arrival and pre-departure information referred to in Article 3a(1), that provides reasonable grounds to believe that the vessels carry items whose supply, sale, transfer or export is prohibited by this Regulation, unless the provision of such services is necessary for humanitarian purposes.";

(8)the following articles are inserted:

"Article 5b1.It shall be prohibited, in the territory of the Union, to accept or approve investment in any commercial activity where such investment is made by:(a)persons, entities or bodies of the Government of North Korea;(b)the Workers Party of Korea;(c)nationals of North Korea;(d)legal persons, entities or bodies incorporated or constituted under the law of North Korea;(e)persons, entities or bodies acting on their behalf or at their direction;(f)legal persons, entities or bodies owned or controlled by them.2.It shall be prohibited to:(a)establish a joint venture with or take or extend an ownership interest, including by acquisition in full or the acquisition of shares and other securities of a participatory nature, in any legal person, entity or body referred to in points (a) to (f) of paragraph 1 engaged in North Korea's nuclear-related, ballistic-missile-related or other weapons-of-mass-destruction-related activities or programmes, or in activities in the sectors of mining, refining and chemical industries;(b)grant financing or financial assistance to any legal person, entity or body referred to in points (d) to (f) of paragraph 1 or for the documented purpose of financing such legal persons, entities or bodies;(c)provide investment services directly related to the activities referred to in points (a) and (b) of this paragraph.

Article 5c1.Transfers of funds to and from North Korea shall be prohibited, unless they concern a transaction referred to in paragraph 3.2.It shall be prohibited for credit and financial institutions falling within the scope of Article 16 to enter into, or continue to participate in, any transactions with:(a)credit and financial institutions domiciled in North Korea;(b)branches or subsidiaries falling within the scope of Article 16 of credit and financial institutions domiciled in North Korea, as listed in Annex VI;(c)branches or subsidiaries falling outside the scope of Article 16 of credit and financial institutions domiciled in North Korea, as listed in Annex VI;(d)credit and financial institutions that are neither domiciled in North Korea nor fall within the scope of Article 16, but are controlled by persons, entities or bodies domiciled in North Korea, as listed in Annex VI,unless such transactions fall within the scope of paragraph 3 and have been authorised in accordance with point (a) of paragraph 4, or do not require authorisation in accordance with point (b) of paragraph 4.3.The following transactions may be authorised in accordance with point (a) of paragraph 4:(a)transactions regarding foodstuffs, healthcare or medical equipment or for agricultural or humanitarian purposes;(b)transactions regarding personal remittances;(c)transactions regarding the execution of the exemptions provided for in this Regulation;(d)transactions in connection with a specific trade contract not prohibited by this Regulation;(e)transactions regarding a diplomatic or consular mission or an international organisation enjoying immunities in accordance with international law, insofar as such transactions are intended to be used for official purposes of the diplomatic or consular mission or international organisation;(f)transactions required exclusively for the implementation of projects funded by the Union or its Member States for development purposes directly addressing the needs of the civilian population or the promotion of denuclearisation;(g)transactions regarding payments to satisfy claims against North Korea, its nationals or legal persons, entities or bodies incorporated or constituted under the law of North Korea, and transactions of a similar nature that do not contribute to activities prohibited by this Regulation, on a case-by-case basis and if the Member State concerned has notified the other Member States and the Commission at least 10 days in advance of granting an authorisation.4.Transactions referred to in paragraph 3 involving transfers of funds to and from North Korea for amounts:(a)above EUR 15000 or equivalent shall require prior authorisation by the relevant competent authority of the Member State, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II to this Regulation;(b)equal to or below EUR 15000 or equivalent shall not require prior authorisation.5.No prior authorisation shall be required for any transaction or transfer of funds which is necessary for the official purposes of a diplomatic or consular mission of a Member State or international organisation enjoying immunities in North Korea in accordance with international law.6.The Member States shall inform each other and the Commission of any authorisation granted pursuant to point (a) of paragraph 4.7.For transactions falling within the scope of paragraph 3, credit and financial institutions referred to in Article 16 shall, in their activities with credit and financial institutions referred to in points (a) to (d) of paragraph 2:(a)apply customer due diligence measures established pursuant to Articles 8 and 9 of Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing (OJ L 309, 25.11.2005, p. 15).;(b)ensure compliance with anti-money-laundering and counter-terrorist-financing procedures established pursuant to Directive 2005/60/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1781/2006 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EC) No 1781/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 2006 on information on the payer accompanying transfer of funds (OJ L 345, 8.12.2006, p. 1).";;(c)require that information on payers accompanying transfers of funds is provided as required under Regulation (EC) No 1781/2006, as well as information on payees, such as the name of the payee and the payee's payment account number, and, where applicable, a unique transaction identifier, and refuse to process the transaction if any of this information is missing or incomplete;(d)maintain records of the transactions in accordance with point (b) of Article 30 of Directive 2005/60/EC;(e)where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that funds could contribute to North Korea's nuclear-related, ballistic-missile-related or other weapons of mass destruction-related programmes or activities ("proliferation financing"), promptly inform the competent Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU), as defined by Directive 2005/60/EC, or any other competent authority designated by the Member State concerned, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, without prejudice to Article 3(1) or 6;(f)promptly report any suspicious transactions, including attempted transactions;(g)refrain from carrying out transactions which they reasonably suspect could be related to proliferation financing until they have completed the necessary action in accordance with point (e) and have complied with any instructions from the relevant FIU or competent authority.For the purposes of this paragraph, the FIU, or any other competent authority serving as a national centre for receiving and analysing suspicious transactions, shall receive reports regarding potential proliferation financing and shall have access, directly or indirectly, on a timely basis to the financial, administrative and law-enforcement information that it requires in order to perform that function properly, including the analysis of suspicious transaction reports.8.The requirement for prior authorisation in paragraph 3 shall apply regardless of whether the transfer of funds is executed in a single operation or in several operations which appear to be linked. For the purpose of this Regulation, "operations which appear to be linked" includes:(a)a series of consecutive transfers from or to the same credit or financial institution within the scope of paragraph 2, or from or to the same North Korean person, entity or body, which are made in connection with a single obligation to transfer funds, where each individual transfer falls below EUR 15000 but which, in the aggregate, meet the criteria for authorisation;(b)a chain of transfers involving different payment service providers, or natural or legal persons, which is related to a single obligation to make a transfer of funds.9.It shall be prohibited to participate, knowingly and intentionally, in activities the object or effect of which is to circumvent the prohibitions referred to in this Article.

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Directive 2005/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005 on the prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering and terrorist financing (OJ L 309, 25.11.2005, p. 15).Regulation (EC) No 1781/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 2006 on information on the payer accompanying transfer of funds (OJ L 345, 8.12.2006, p. 1).";(9)Article 8 is replaced by the following:

"Article 81.By way of derogation from Article 6, the competent authorities of the Member States, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, may authorise the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources, if the following conditions are met:(a)the funds or economic resources are the subject of a judicial, administrative or arbitral decision established prior to the date on which the person, entity or body referred to in Article 6 was designated, or of a judicial, administrative or arbitral judgment rendered prior to that date;(b)the funds or economic resources are to be used exclusively to satisfy claims secured by such a decision or recognised as valid in such a judgment, within the limits set by applicable laws and regulations governing the rights of persons having such claims;(c)the decision or judgment is not for the benefit of a person, entity or body listed in Annex IV, V or Va;(d)recognising the decision or judgment is not contrary to public policy in the Member State concerned; and(e)the decision or judgment in respect of persons, entities and bodies listed in Annex IV has been notified by the Member State concerned to the Sanctions Committee.2.By way of derogation from Article 6, and provided that a payment by a person, entity or body listed in Annex V is due under a contract or agreement that was concluded by, or under an obligation for the person, entity or body concerned that arose before, the date on which that person, entity or body had been designated, the competent authorities of the Member States, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, may authorise, under such conditions as they deem appropriate, the release of certain frozen funds or economic resources, provided that the competent authority concerned has determined that:(a)the contract is not related to any item, operation, service or transaction referred to in point (a) of Article 2(1), Article 2(3) or Article 3; and(b)the payment is not directly or indirectly received by a person, entity or body listed in Annex V.3.The Member State concerned shall, at least 10 days prior to the granting of each authorisation pursuant to paragraph 2, notify the other Member States and the Commission of that determination and of its intention to grant an authorisation.";

(10)Article 9b is replaced by the following:

"Article 9b1.It shall be prohibited to provide financing or financial assistance for trade with North Korea, including the granting of export credits, guarantees or insurance to persons or entities involved in such trade, where such financial support could contribute to:(a)North Korea's nuclear or ballistic-missile programmes or other activities prohibited by this Regulation;(b)the circumvention of the prohibition in point (a).2.The prohibitions in paragraph 1 shall not apply with respect to contracts and agreements for the provision of financial support concluded prior to 29 May 2016.3.The prohibitions in paragraph 1 shall not apply with respect to the provision of financial support for trade in food, agricultural, medical or other humanitarian purposes.";

(11)the following article is inserted:

"Article 9c1.No claims in connection with any contract or transaction the performance of which has been affected, directly or indirectly, in whole or in part, by the measures imposed by this Regulation, including claims for indemnity or any other claim of that type, such as a claim for compensation or a claim under a guarantee, notably a claim for extension or payment of a bond, guarantee or indemnity, particularly a financial guarantee or financial indemnity, of whatever form, shall be satisfied, if they are made by:(a)designated persons, entities or bodies listed in Annex IV or V;(b)any other North Korean person, entity or body, including the Government of North Korea and its public bodies, corporations and agencies; or(c)any person, entity or body acting through or on behalf of one of the persons, entities or bodies referred to in points (a) and (b).2.The performance of a contract or transaction shall be regarded as having been affected by the measures imposed by this Regulation where the existence or content of the claim results directly or indirectly from those measures.3.In any proceedings for the enforcement of a claim, the onus of proving that satisfying the claim is not prohibited by paragraph 1 shall be on the person seeking the enforcement of that claim.4.This Article is without prejudice to the right of the persons, entities and bodies referred to in paragraph 1 to judicial review of the legality of the non-performance of contractual obligations in accordance with this Regulation.";

(12)Article 11 is replaced by the following:

"Article 111.The freezing of funds and economic resources or the refusal to make funds or economic resources available, carried out in good faith on the basis that such action is in accordance with this Regulation, shall not give rise to liability of any kind on the part of the natural or legal person, entity or body implementing it, or its directors or employees, unless it is proved that the funds and economic resources were frozen or withheld as a result of negligence.2.Actions by natural or legal persons, entities or bodies shall not give rise to liability of any kind on their part if they did not know, and had no reasonable cause to suspect, that their actions would infringe the measures set out in this Regulation.";

(13)Article 11a is replaced by the following:

"Article 11a1.It shall be prohibited to provide access to ports in the territory of the Union to any vessel:(a)that is owned, operated or crewed by North Korea;(b)where there are reasonable grounds to believe that it is owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by a person or entity listed in Annex IV;(c)where there are reasonable grounds to believe that it contains items the supply, sale, transfer or export of which is prohibited by this Regulation;(d)which has refused to be inspected after such an inspection has been authorised by the vessel's flag State or State of registration; or(e)which is without nationality and has refused to be inspected in accordance with Article 5(1).2.Paragraph 1 shall not apply:(a)in the case of an emergency;(b)in the case of a maritime vessel coming into port for inspection, or(c)where the vessel is returning to its port of origin.3.By way of derogation from the prohibition in paragraph 1, the relevant competent authority of the Member State, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, may authorise a maritime vessel to come into port if:(a)the Sanctions Committee has determined in advance that this is required for humanitarian purposes or any other purpose consistent with the objectives of UN Security Council Resolution 2270 (2016); or(b)the Member State has determined in advance that this is required for humanitarian purposes or any other purpose consistent with the objectives of this Regulation.4.It shall be prohibited for any aircraft operated by North Korean carriers or originating from North Korea to take off from, land in or overfly the territory of the Union.5.Paragraph 4 shall not apply:(a)where the aircraft is landing for inspection;(b)in the case of an emergency landing.6.By way of derogation from paragraph 4, the relevant competent authority of the Member State, as indicated on the websites listed in Annex II, may authorise an aircraft to take off from, land in or overfly the territory of the Union if that competent authority has determined in advance that this is required for humanitarian purposes or any other purpose consistent with the objectives of this Regulation.";

(14)Article 11c is deleted;(15)the text set out in the Annex to this Regulation is added as Annex If.

Article 2This Regulation shall enter into force on the date following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.Done at Brussels, 27 May 2016.For the CouncilThe PresidentA.G. KoendersANNEX"ANNEX IFPETROLEUM PRODUCTS REFERRED TO IN ARTICLE 2(4)

	2707	Oils and other products of the distillation of high temperature coal tar; similar products in which the weight of the aromatic constituents exceeds that of the non-aromatic constituents
	2709	Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude
	2710	Petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, other than crude; preparations not elsewhere specified or included, containing by weight 70 % or more of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals, these oils being the basic constituents of the preparations; waste oils
	2711	Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons
	271210	–Petroleum jelly
	271220	–Paraffin wax containing by weight less than 0,75 % of oil
Ex	271290	–Other
	2713	Petroleum coke, petroleum bitumen and other residues of petroleum oils or of oils obtained from bituminous minerals
Ex	2714	Bitumen and asphalt, natural; bituminous or oil-shale and tar sands; asphaltites and asphaltic rocks
Ex	2715	Bituminous mixtures based on natural asphalt, on natural bitumen, on petroleum bitumen, on mineral tar or on mineral tar pitch (for example, bituminous mastics, cut-backs)
		–Containing petroleum oils or oils obtained from bituminous minerals
	340311	– –Preparations for the treatment of textile materials, leather, furskins or other materials
	340319	– –Other
		–Other
Ex	340391	– –Preparations for the treatment of textile materials, leather, furskins or other materials
Ex	340399	– –Other
		– – – –Chemical products or preparations, predominantly composed of organic compounds, not elsewhere specified or included
Ex	38249092	– – – – –In the form of a liquid at 20 °C
Ex	38249093	– – – – –Other
Ex	38249096	– – – –Other
	38260010	–Fatty-acid mono-alkyl esters, containing by volume 96,5 % or more of esters (FAMAE)
	38260090	–Other"

Amendments and corrections
August 31, 2017	Implicitly repealed by 32017R1509
October 13, 2016	Corrected by 32016R0841R(03)
May 29, 2016	Entry into force - Date pub. +1 See Art 2

Council Regulation (EU) 2016/841 of 27 May 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No 329/2007 concerning restrictive measures against the Democratic People's Republic of Korea