Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC (Text with EEA relevance)
Modified by
- Council Directive 2013/18/EUof 13 May 2013adapting Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, by reason of the accession of the Republic of Croatia, 32013L0018, June 10, 2013
- Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Councilof 9 September 2015amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources(Text with EEA relevance), 32015L1513, September 15, 2015
- Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Councilof 11 December 2018on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources(recast)(Text with EEA relevance), 32018L2001, December 21, 2018
(a) "energy from renewable sources" means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases; (b) "aerothermal energy" means energy stored in the form of heat in the ambient air; (c) "geothermal energy" means energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of solid earth; (d) "hydrothermal energy" means energy stored in the form of heat in surface water; (e) "biomass" means the biodegradable fraction of products, waste and residues from biological origin from agriculture (including vegetal and animal substances), forestry and related industries including fisheries and aquaculture, as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal waste; (f) "gross final consumption of energy" means the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry, transport, households, services including public services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including the consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission; (g) "district heating" or "district cooling" means the distribution of thermal energy in the form of steam, hot water or chilled liquids, from a central source of production through a network to multiple buildings or sites, for the use of space or process heating or cooling; (h) "bioliquids" means liquid fuel for energy purposes other than for transport, including electricity and heating and cooling, produced from biomass; (i) "biofuels" means liquid or gaseous fuel for transport produced from biomass; (j) "guarantee of origin" means an electronic document which has the sole function of providing proof to a final customer that a given share or quantity of energy was produced from renewable sources as required by Article 3(6) of Directive 2003/54/EC; (k) "support scheme" means any instrument, scheme or mechanism applied by a Member State or a group of Member States, that promotes the use of energy from renewable sources by reducing the cost of that energy, increasing the price at which it can be sold, or increasing, by means of a renewable energy obligation or otherwise, the volume of such energy purchased. This includes, but is not restricted to, investment aid, tax exemptions or reductions, tax refunds, renewable energy obligation support schemes including those using green certificates, and direct price support schemes including feed-in tariffs and premium payments; (l) "renewable energy obligation" means a national support scheme requiring energy producers to include a given proportion of energy from renewable sources in their production, requiring energy suppliers to include a given proportion of energy from renewable sources in their supply, or requiring energy consumers to include a given proportion of energy from renewable sources in their consumption. This includes schemes under which such requirements may be fulfilled by using green certificates; (m) "actual value" means the greenhouse gas emission saving for some or all of the steps of a specific biofuel production process calculated in accordance with the methodology laid down in part C of Annex V; (n) "typical value" means an estimate of the representative greenhouse gas emission saving for a particular biofuel production pathway; (o) "default value" means a value derived from a typical value by the application of pre-determined factors and that may, in circumstances specified in this Directive, be used in place of an actual value; (p) "waste" shall be defined as in Article 3(1) of Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives (OJ L 312, 22.11.2008, p. 3 ).(q) "starch-rich crops" means crops comprising mainly cereals (regardless of whether only the grains are used, or the whole plant, such as in the case of green maize, is used), tubers and root crops (such as potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, sweet potatoes, cassava and yams), and corm crops (such as taro and cocoyam); (r) "ligno-cellulosic material" means material composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose such as biomass sourced from forests, woody energy crops and forest-based industries' residues and wastes; (s) "non-food cellulosic material" means feedstocks mainly composed of cellulose and hemicellulose, and having a lower lignin content than ligno-cellulosic material; it includes food and feed crop residues (such as straw, stover, husks and shells), grassy energy crops with a low starch content (such as ryegrass, switchgrass, miscanthus, giant cane and cover crops before and after main crops), industrial residues (including from food and feed crops after vegetal oils, sugars, starches and protein have been extracted), and material from biowaste; (t) "processing residue" means a substance that is not the end product(s) that a production process directly seeks to produce; it is not a primary aim of the production process and the process has not been deliberately modified to produce it; (u) "renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin" means liquid or gaseous fuels other than biofuels whose energy content comes from renewable energy sources other than biomass, and which are used in transport; (v) "agricultural, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry residues" means residues that are directly generated by agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry; they do not include residues from related industries or processing; (w) "low indirect land-use change-risk biofuels and bioliquids" means biofuels and bioliquids, the feedstocks of which were produced within schemes which reduce the displacement of production for purposes other than for making biofuels and bioliquids and which were produced in accordance with the sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids set out in Article 17.
(a) support schemes; (b) measures of cooperation between different Member States and with third countries for achieving their national overall targets in accordance with Articles 5 to 11.
(a) for the calculation of the denominator, that is the total amount of energy consumed in transport for the purposes of the first subparagraph, only petrol, diesel, biofuels consumed in road and rail transport, and electricity, including electricity used for the production of renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin, shall be taken into account; (b) for the calculation of the numerator, that is the amount of energy from renewable sources consumed in transport for the purposes of the first subparagraph, all types of energy from renewable sources consumed in all forms of transport shall be taken into account. This point shall be without prejudice to point (d) of this paragraph and Article 17(1)(a); (c) for the calculation of the contribution from electricity produced from renewable sources and consumed in all types of electric vehicles and for the production of renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin for the purpose of points (a) and (b), Member States may choose to use either the average share of electricity from renewable energy sources in the Union or the share of electricity from renewable energy sources in their own country as measured two years before the year in question. Furthermore, for the calculation of the electricity from renewable energy sources consumed by electrified rail transport, that consumption shall be considered to be 2,5 times the energy content of the input of electricity from renewable energy sources. For the calculation of the electricity from renewable energy sources consumed by electric road vehicles in point (b), that consumption shall be considered to be five times the energy content of the input of electricity from renewable energy sources; (d) for the calculation of biofuels in the numerator, the share of energy from biofuels produced from cereal and other starch-rich crops, sugars and oil crops and from crops grown as main crops primarily for energy purposes on agricultural land shall be no more than 7 % of the final consumption of energy in transport in the Member States in 2020. Biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Annex IX shall not count towards the limit set out in the first subparagraph of this point. Member States may decide that the share of energy from biofuels produced from crops grown as main crops primarily for energy purposes on agricultural land, other than cereal and other starch-rich crops, sugars and oil crops, does not count towards the limit set out in the first subparagraph of this point, provided that: (i) verification of compliance with the sustainability criteria set out in Article 17(2) to (5) was carried out in accordance with Article 18; and (ii) those crops were grown on land that falls under point 8 of part C of Annex V and the corresponding bonus "e B " set out in point 7 of part C of Annex V was included in the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions, for the purposes of showing compliance with Article 17(2).
(e) each Member State shall seek to achieve the objective of there being a minimum level of consumption on their territory of biofuels produced from feedstocks and of other fuels, listed in part A of Annex IX. To that effect, by 6 April 2017 , each Member State shall set a national target, which it shall endeavour to achieve. A reference value for this target is 0,5 percentage points in energy content of the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of transport in 2020 referred to in the first subparagraph, to be met with biofuels produced from feedstocks and with other fuels, listed in part A of Annex IX. In addition, biofuels made from feedstocks not listed in Annex IX that were determined to be wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material or ligno-cellulosic material by the competent national authorities and are used in existing installations prior to the adoption of Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilDirective (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 September 2015 amending Directive 98/70/EC relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (OJ L 239, 15.9.2015, p. 1 ).Member States may set a national target lower than the reference value of 0,5 percentage points, based on one or more of the following grounds: (i) objective factors such as the limited potential for the sustainable production of biofuels produced from feedstocks and of other fuels, listed in part A of Annex IX, or the limited availability of such biofuels at cost-efficient prices on the market; (ii) the specific technical or climatic characteristics of the national market for transport fuels, such as the composition and condition of the road vehicle fleet; or (iii) national policies allocating commensurate financial resources to incentivising energy efficiency and the use of electricity from renewable energy sources in transport.
When setting their national targets, Member States shall provide available information on the quantities of biofuels consumed from feedstocks and other fuels, listed in part A of Annex IX. When setting policies for the promotion of the production of fuels from feedstocks listed in Annex IX, Member States shall have due regard to the waste hierarchy as established in Article 4 of Directive 2008/98/EC, including its provisions regarding life-cycle thinking on the overall impacts of the generation and management of different waste streams. The Commission shall publish in accordance with Article 24 of this Directive: the national targets of the Member States, where available, the Member States' plans for achieving the national targets, where applicable, the grounds for differentiation of the national targets of the Member States as compared to the reference value, notified in accordance with Article 4(2) of Directive (EU) 2015/1513; and a synthesis report on Member States' achievements towards their national targets;
(f) biofuels produced from feedstocks listed in Annex IX shall be considered to be twice their energy content for the purpose of complying with the target set out in the first subparagraph.
(a) its estimated excess production of energy from renewable sources compared to the indicative trajectory which could be transferred to other Member States in accordance with Articles 6 to 11, as well as its estimated potential for joint projects, until 2020; and (b) its estimated demand for energy from renewable sources to be satisfied by means other than domestic production until 2020.
(a) gross final consumption of electricity from renewable energy sources; (b) gross final consumption of energy from renewable sources for heating and cooling; and (c) final consumption of energy from renewable sources in transport.
(a) deducted from the amount of energy from renewable sources that is taken into account in measuring compliance by the Member State making the transfer with the requirements of Article 3(1), (2) and (4); and (b) added to the amount of energy from renewable sources that is taken into account in measuring compliance by another Member State accepting the transfer with the requirements of Article 3(1), (2) and (4).
(a) describe the proposed installation or identify the refurbished installation; (b) specify the proportion or amount of electricity or heating or cooling produced from the installation which is to be regarded as counting towards the national overall target of another Member State; (c) identify the Member State in whose favour the notification is being made; and (d) specify the period, in whole calendar years, during which the electricity or heating or cooling produced by the installation from renewable energy sources is to be regarded as counting towards the national overall target of the other Member State.
(a) the total amount of electricity or heating or cooling produced during the year from renewable energy sources by the installation which was the subject of the notification under Article 7; and (b) the amount of electricity or heating or cooling produced during the year from renewable energy sources by that installation which is to count towards the national overall target of another Member State in accordance with the terms of the notification.
(a) deducted from the amount of electricity or heating or cooling from renewable energy sources that is taken into account, in measuring compliance by the Member State issuing the letter of notification under paragraph 1; and (b) added to the amount of electricity or heating or cooling from renewable energy sources that is taken into account, in measuring compliance by the Member State receiving the letter of notification in accordance with paragraph 2.
(a) the electricity is consumed in the Community, a requirement that is deemed to be met where: (i) an equivalent amount of electricity to the electricity accounted for has been firmly nominated to the allocated interconnection capacity by all responsible transmission system operators in the country of origin, the country of destination and, if relevant, each third country of transit; (ii) an equivalent amount of electricity to the electricity accounted for has been firmly registered in the schedule of balance by the responsible transmission system operator on the Community side of an interconnector; and (iii) the nominated capacity and the production of electricity from renewable energy sources by the installation referred to in paragraph 2(b) refer to the same period of time;
(b) the electricity is produced by a newly constructed installation that became operational after 25 June 2009 or by the increased capacity of an installation that was refurbished after that date, under a joint project as referred to in paragraph 1; and(c) the amount of electricity produced and exported has not received support from a support scheme of a third country other than investment aid granted to the installation.
(a) construction of the interconnector started by 31 December 2016 ;(b) it is not possible for the interconnector to become operational by 31 December 2020 ;(c) it is possible for the interconnector to become operational by 31 December 2022 ;(d) after it becomes operational, the interconnector will be used for the export to the Community, in accordance with paragraph 2, of electricity generated from renewable energy sources; (e) the application relates to a joint project that fulfils the criteria in points (b) and (c) of paragraph 2 and that will use the interconnector after it becomes operational, and to a quantity of electricity that is no greater than the quantity that will be exported to the Community after the interconnector becomes operational.
(a) describe the proposed installation or identify the refurbished installation; (b) specify the proportion or amount of electricity produced from the installation which is to be regarded as counting towards the national target of a Member State as well as, subject to confidentiality requirements, the corresponding financial arrangements; (c) specify the period, in whole calendar years, during which the electricity is to be regarded as counting towards the national overall target of the Member State; and (d) include a written acknowledgement of points (b) and (c) by the third country in whose territory the installation is to become operational and the proportion or amount of electricity produced by the installation which will be used domestically by that third country.
(a) the total amount of electricity produced during that year from renewable energy sources by the installation which was the subject of the notification under Article 9; (b) the amount of electricity produced during the year from renewable energy sources by that installation which is to count towards its national overall target in accordance with the terms of the notification under Article 9; and (c) proof of compliance with the conditions set out in Article 9(2).
(a) make a statistical transfer of specified amounts of energy from renewable sources from one Member State to another Member State in accordance with Article 6; or (b) set up a distribution rule agreed by participating Member States that allocates amounts of energy from renewable sources between the participating Member States. Such a rule shall be notified to the Commission no later than three months after the end of the first year in which it takes effect.
(a) subject to differences between Member States in their administrative structures and organisation, the respective responsibilities of national, regional and local administrative bodies for authorisation, certification and licensing procedures including spatial planning are clearly coordinated and defined, with transparent timetables for determining planning and building applications; (b) comprehensive information on the processing of authorisation, certification and licensing applications for renewable energy installations and on available assistance to applicants are made available at the appropriate level; (c) administrative procedures are streamlined and expedited at the appropriate administrative level; (d) rules governing authorisation, certification and licensing are objective, transparent, proportionate, do not discriminate between applicants and take fully into account the particularities of individual renewable energy technologies; (e) administrative charges paid by consumers, planners, architects, builders and equipment and system installers and suppliers are transparent and cost-related; and (f) simplified and less burdensome authorisation procedures, including through simple notification if allowed by the applicable regulatory framework, are established for smaller projects and for decentralised devices for producing energy from renewable sources, where appropriate.
(a) the energy source from which the energy was produced and the start and end dates of production; (b) whether it relates to: (i) electricity; or (ii) heating or cooling;
(c) the identity, location, type and capacity of the installation where the energy was produced; (d) whether and to what extent the installation has benefited from investment support, whether and to what extent the unit of energy has benefited in any other way from a national support scheme, and the type of support scheme; (e) the date on which the installation became operational; and (f) the date and country of issue and a unique identification number.
(a) Member States shall ensure that transmission system operators and distribution system operators in their territory guarantee the transmission and distribution of electricity produced from renewable energy sources; (b) Member States shall also provide for either priority access or guaranteed access to the grid-system of electricity produced from renewable energy sources; (c) Member States shall ensure that when dispatching electricity generating installations, transmission system operators shall give priority to generating installations using renewable energy sources in so far as the secure operation of the national electricity system permits and based on transparent and non-discriminatory criteria. Member States shall ensure that appropriate grid and market-related operational measures are taken in order to minimise the curtailment of electricity produced from renewable energy sources. If significant measures are taken to curtail the renewable energy sources in order to guarantee the security of the national electricity system and security of energy supply, Members States shall ensure that the responsible system operators report to the competent regulatory authority on those measures and indicate which corrective measures they intend to take in order to prevent inappropriate curtailments.
(a) a comprehensive and detailed estimate of the costs associated with the connection; (b) a reasonable and precise timetable for receiving and processing the request for grid connection; (c) a reasonable indicative timetable for any proposed grid connection.
(a) measuring compliance with the requirements of this Directive concerning national targets; (b) measuring compliance with renewable energy obligations; (c) eligibility for financial support for the consumption of biofuels and bioliquids.
(a) primary forest and other wooded land, namely forest and other wooded land of native species, where there is no clearly visible indication of human activity and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed; (b) areas designated: (i) by law or by the relevant competent authority for nature protection purposes; or (ii) for the protection of rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems or species recognised by international agreements or included in lists drawn up by intergovernmental organisations or the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, subject to their recognition in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 18(4);
unless evidence is provided that the production of that raw material did not interfere with those nature protection purposes; (c) highly biodiverse grassland that is: (i) natural, namely grassland that would remain grassland in the absence of human intervention and which maintains the natural species composition and ecological characteristics and processes; or (ii) non-natural, namely grassland that would cease to be grassland in the absence of human intervention and which is species-rich and not degraded, unless evidence is provided that the harvesting of the raw material is necessary to preserve its grassland status.
(a) wetlands, namely land that is covered with or saturated by water permanently or for a significant part of the year; (b) continuously forested areas, namely land spanning more than one hectare with trees higher than five metres and a canopy cover of more than 30 %, or trees able to reach those thresholds in situ; (c) land spanning more than one hectare with trees higher than five metres and a canopy cover of between 10 % and 30 %, or trees able to reach those thresholds in situ, unless evidence is provided that the carbon stock of the area before and after conversion is such that, when the methodology laid down in part C of Annex V is applied, the conditions laid down in paragraph 2 of this Article would be fulfilled.
Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (No 29), Convention concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise (No 87), Convention concerning the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organise and to Bargain Collectively (No 98), Convention concerning Equal Remuneration of Men and Women Workers for Work of Equal Value (No 100), Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (No 105), Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (No 111), Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment (No 138), Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (No 182).
the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora.
(a) allows consignments of raw material or biofuel with differing sustainability characteristics to be mixed; (b) requires information about the sustainability characteristics and sizes of the consignments referred to in point (a) to remain assigned to the mixture; and (c) provides for the sum of all consignments withdrawn from the mixture to be described as having the same sustainability characteristics, in the same quantities, as the sum of all consignments added to the mixture.
in general: (a) the independence, modality and frequency of audits, both in relation to what is stated on those aspects in the scheme documentation, at the time the scheme concerned was approved by the Commission, and in relation to industry best practice; (b) the availability of, and experience and transparency in the application of, methods for identifying and dealing with non-compliance, with particular regard to dealing with situations or allegations of serious wrongdoing on the part of members of the scheme; (c) transparency, particularly in relation to the accessibility of the scheme, the availability of translations in the applicable languages of the countries and regions from which raw materials originate, the accessibility of a list of certified operators and relevant certificates, and the accessibility of auditor reports; (d) stakeholder involvement, particularly as regards the consultation of indigenous and local communities prior to decision making during the drafting and reviewing of the scheme as well as during audits and the response to their contributions; (e) the overall robustness of the scheme, particularly in light of rules on the accreditation, qualification and independence of auditors and relevant scheme bodies; (f) market updates of the scheme, the amount of feedstocks and biofuels certified, by country of origin and type, the number of participants; (g) the ease and effectiveness of implementing a system that tracks the proofs of conformity with the sustainability criteria that the scheme gives to its member(s), such a system intended to serve as a means of preventing fraudulent activity with a view, in particular, to the detection, treatment and follow-up of suspected fraud and other irregularities and where appropriate, number of cases of fraud or irregularities detected;
and in particular: (h) options for entities to be authorised to recognise and monitor certification bodies; (i) criteria for the recognition or accreditation of certification bodies; (j) rules on how the monitoring of the certification bodies is to be conducted; (k) ways to facilitate or improve the promotion of best practice.
(a) the effectiveness of the system in place for the provision of information on sustainability criteria; and (b) whether it is feasible and appropriate to introduce mandatory requirements in relation to air, soil or water protection, taking into account the latest scientific evidence and the Community’s international obligations.
(a) where a default value for greenhouse gas emission saving for the production pathway is laid down in part A or B of Annex V and where the e value for those biofuels or bioliquids calculated in accordance with point 7 of part C of Annex V is equal to or less than zero, by using that default value;l (b) by using an actual value calculated in accordance with the methodology laid down in part C of Annex V; or (c) by using a value calculated as the sum of the factors of the formula referred to in point 1 of part C of Annex V, where disaggregated default values in part D or E of Annex V may be used for some factors, and actual values, calculated in accordance with the methodology laid down in part C of Annex V, for all other factors.
the method of accounting for wastes and residues; the method of accounting for co-products; the method of accounting for cogeneration; and the status given to agricultural crop residues as co-products.
(a) where the contribution of a factor to overall emissions is small, or where there is limited variation, or where the cost or difficulty of establishing actual values is high, default values must be typical of normal production processes; (b) in all other cases default values must be conservative compared to normal production processes.
(a) the sectoral (electricity, heating and cooling, and transport) and overall shares of energy from renewable sources in the preceding two calendar years and the measures taken or planned at national level to promote the growth of energy from renewable sources taking into account the indicative trajectory in part B of Annex I, in accordance with Article 5; (b) the introduction and functioning of support schemes and other measures to promote energy from renewable sources, and any developments in the measures used with respect to those set out in the Member State’s national renewable energy action plan, and information on how supported electricity is allocated to final customers for purposes of Article 3(6) of Directive 2003/54/EC; (c) how, where applicable, the Member State has structured its support schemes to take into account renewable energy applications that give additional benefits in relation to other, comparable applications, but may also have higher costs, including biofuels made from wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material, and ligno-cellulosic material; (d) the functioning of the system of guarantees of origin for electricity and heating and cooling from renewable energy sources and the measures taken to ensure the reliability and protection against fraud of the system; (e) progress made in evaluating and improving administrative procedures to remove regulatory and non-regulatory barriers to the development of energy from renewable sources; (f) measures taken to ensure the transmission and distribution of electricity produced from renewable energy sources, and to improve the framework or rules for bearing and sharing of costs referred to in Article 16(3); (g) developments in the availability and use of biomass resources for energy purposes; (h) changes in commodity prices and land use within the Member State associated with its increased use of biomass and other forms of energy from renewable sources; (i) the development and share of biofuels made from feedstocks listed in Annex IX including a resource assessment focusing on the sustainability aspects relating to the effect of the replacement of food and feed products for biofuel production, taking due account of the principles of the waste hierarchy established in Directive 2008/98/EC and the biomass cascading principle, taking into consideration the regional and local economic and technological circumstances, the maintenance of the necessary carbon stock in the soil and the quality of the soil and the ecosystems; (j) the estimated impact of the production of biofuels and bioliquids on biodiversity, water resources, water quality and soil quality within the Member State; (k) the estimated net greenhouse gas emission saving due to the use of energy from renewable sources; (l) the estimated excess production of energy from renewable sources compared to the indicative trajectory which could be transferred to other Member States, as well as the estimated potential for joint projects, until 2020; (m) the estimated demand for energy from renewable sources to be satisfied by means other than domestic production until 2020; and (n) information on how the share of biodegradable waste in waste used for producing energy has been estimated, and what steps have been taken to improve and verify such estimates; and (o) the amounts of biofuels and bioliquids in energy units corresponding to each category of feedstock group listed in part A of Annex VIII taken into account by that Member State for the purpose of complying with the targets set out in Article 3(1) and (2), and in the first subparagraph of Article 3(4).
(a) establish a single administrative body responsible for processing authorisation, certification and licensing applications for renewable energy installations and providing assistance to applicants; (b) provide for automatic approval of planning and permit applications for renewable energy installations where the authorising body has not responded within the set time limits; or (c) indicate geographical locations suitable for exploitation of energy from renewable sources in land-use planning and for the establishment of district heating and cooling.
(a) the relative environmental benefits and costs of different biofuels, the effects of the Community’s import policies thereon, the security of supply implications and the ways of achieving a balanced approach between domestic production and imports; (b) the impact of increased demand for biofuel on sustainability in the Community and in third countries, considering economic and environmental impacts, including impacts on biodiversity; (c) the scope for identifying, in a scientifically objective manner, geographical areas of high biodiversity value that are not covered in Article 17(3); (d) the impact of increased demand for biomass on biomass using sectors; (e) the availability and sustainability of biofuels made from feedstocks listed in Annex IX, including an assessment of the effect of the replacement of food and feed products for biofuel production, taking due account of the principles of the waste hierarchy established in Directive 2008/98/EC and the biomass cascading principle, taking into consideration the regional and local economic and technological circumstances, the maintenance of the necessary carbon stock in the soil and the quality of soil and ecosystems; (f) information on, and analysis of, the available scientific research results regarding indirect land-use change in relation to all production pathways, accompanied by an assessment of whether the range of uncertainty identified in the analysis underlying the estimations of indirect land-use change emissions can be narrowed and the possible impact of Union policies, such as environment, climate and agricultural policies, can be factored in; and (g) technological developments and availability of data on the use, economic and environmental impacts of biofuels and bioliquids produced in the Union from dedicated non-food crops grown primarily for energy purposes.
(a) the better use of structural funds and framework programmes; (b) the better and increased use of funds from the European Investment Bank and other public finance institutions; (c) better access to risk capital notably by analysing the feasibility of a risk sharing facility for investments in energy from renewable sources in the Community similar to the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund initiative which is aimed at third countries; (d) the better coordination of Community and national funding and other forms of support; and (e) the better coordination in support of renewable energy initiatives whose success depends on action by actors in several Member States.
(a) a review of the minimum greenhouse gas emission saving thresholds to apply from the dates referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 17(2), on the basis of an impact assessment taking into account, in particular, technological developments, available technologies and the availability of first and second-generation bio-fuels with a high level of greenhouse gas emission saving; (b) with respect to the targets referred to in Article 3(4), a review of: (i) the cost-efficiency of the measures to be implemented to achieve the targets; (ii) an assessment of the feasibility of reaching the targets whilst ensuring the sustainability of biofuels production in the Union and in third countries, and considering economic, environmental and social impacts, including indirect effects and impacts on biodiversity, as well as the commercial availability of second-generation biofuels; (iii) the impact of the implementation of the targets on the availability of foodstuffs at affordable prices; (iv) the commercial availability of electric, hybrid and hydrogen-powered vehicles, as well as the methodology chosen to calculate the share of energy from renewable sources consumed in the transport sector; (v) the evaluation of specific market conditions, considering, in particular, markets in which transport fuels represent more than half of the final energy consumption, and markets which are fully dependent on imported biofuels;
(c) an evaluation of the implementation of this Directive, in particular with regard to cooperation mechanisms, in order to ensure that, together with the possibility for the Members States to continue to use national support schemes referred to in Article 3(3), those mechanisms enable Member States to achieve the national targets defined in Annex I on the best cost-benefit basis, of technological developments, and the conclusions to be drawn to achieve the target of 20 % of energy from renewable sources at Community level.
for the element contained in point (a), a modification of the minimum greenhouse gas emission saving referred to in that point, and for the element contained in point (c), appropriate adjustments of the cooperation measures provided for in this Directive in order to improve their effectiveness for achieving the target of 20 %. Such proposals shall neither affect the 20 % target nor Member States’ control over national support schemes and cooperation measures.
(a) the process of preparing forecasts and national renewable energy action plans; (b) the effectiveness of the cooperation mechanisms; (c) technological developments in energy from renewable sources, including the development of the use of biofuels in commercial aviation; (d) the effectiveness of the national support schemes; and (e) the conclusions of the Commission reports referred to in paragraphs 8 and 9.
(a) Member States’ national renewable energy action plans; (b) Member States’ forecast documents referred to in Article 4(3), complemented as soon as possible with the Commission’s summary of excess production and estimated import demand; (c) Member States’ offers to cooperate on statistical transfers or joint projects, upon request of the Member State concerned; (d) the information referred to in Article 6(2) on the statistical transfers between Member States; (e) the information referred to in Article 7(2) and (3) and Article 9(4) and (5) on joint projects; (f) Member States’ national reports referred to in Article 22; (g) the Commission reports referred to in Article 23(3).
| Share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy, 2005 (S | Target for share of energy from renewable sources in gross final consumption of energy, 2020 (S | |
|---|---|---|
| Belgium | 2,2 % | 13 % |
| Bulgaria | 9,4 % | 16 % |
| Czech Republic | 6,1 % | 13 % |
| Denmark | 17,0 % | 30 % |
| Germany | 5,8 % | 18 % |
| Estonia | 18,0 % | 25 % |
| Ireland | 3,1 % | 16 % |
| Greece | 6,9 % | 18 % |
| Spain | 8,7 % | 20 % |
| France | 10,3 % | 23 % |
| Croatia | 12,6 % | 20 % |
| Italy | 5,2 % | 17 % |
| Cyprus | 2,9 % | 13 % |
| Latvia | 32,6 % | 40 % |
| Lithuania | 15,0 % | 23 % |
| Luxembourg | 0,9 % | 11 % |
| Hungary | 4,3 % | 13 % |
| Malta | 0,0 % | 10 % |
| Netherlands | 2,4 % | 14 % |
| Austria | 23,3 % | 34 % |
| Poland | 7,2 % | 15 % |
| Portugal | 20,5 % | 31 % |
| Romania | 17,8 % | 24 % |
| Slovenia | 16,0 % | 25 % |
| Slovak Republic | 6,7 % | 14 % |
| Finland | 28,5 % | 38 % |
| Sweden | 39,8 % | 49 % |
| United Kingdom | 1,3 % | 15 % |
| Fuel | ||
|---|---|---|
| Bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass) | 27 | 21 |
| Bio-ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of bioethanol) | 36 (of which 37 % from renewable sources) | 27 (of which 37 % from renewable sources) |
| Biomethanol (methanol produced from biomass, to be used as biofuel) | 20 | 16 |
| Bio-MTBE (methyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of bio-methanol) | 35 (of which 22 % from renewable sources) | 26 (of which 22 % from renewable sources) |
| Bio-DME (dimethylether produced from biomass, to be used as biofuel) | 28 | 19 |
| Bio-TAEE (tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether produced on the basis of bioethanol) | 38 (of which 29 % from renewable sources) | 29 (of which 29 % from renewable sources) |
| Biobutanol (butanol produced from biomass, to be used as biofuel) | 33 | 27 |
| Biodiesel (methyl-ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality, to be used as biofuel) | 37 | 33 |
| Fischer-Tropsch diesel (a synthetic hydrocarbon or mixture of synthetic hydrocarbons produced from biomass) | 44 | 34 |
| Hydrotreated vegetable oil (vegetable oil thermochemically treated with hydrogen) | 44 | 34 |
| Pure vegetable oil (oil produced from oil plants through pressing, extraction or comparable procedures, crude or refined but chemically unmodified, when compatible with the type of engines involved and the corresponding emission requirements) | 37 | 34 |
| Biogas (a fuel gas produced from biomass and/or from the biodegradable fraction of waste, that can be purified to natural gas quality, to be used as biofuel, or wood gas) | 50 | — |
| Petrol | 43 | 32 |
| Diesel | 43 | 36 |
1. The certification or qualification process shall be transparent and clearly defined by the Member State or the administrative body they appoint. 2. Biomass, heat pump, shallow geothermal and solar photovoltaic and solar thermal installers shall be certified by an accredited training programme or training provider. 3. The accreditation of the training programme or provider shall be effected by Member States or administrative bodies they appoint. The accrediting body shall ensure that the training programme offered by the training provider has continuity and regional or national coverage. The training provider shall have adequate technical facilities to provide practical training, including some laboratory equipment or corresponding facilities to provide practical training. The training provider shall also offer in addition to the basic training, shorter refresher courses on topical issues, including on new technologies, to enable life-long learning in installations. The training provider may be the manufacturer of the equipment or system, institutes or associations. 4. The training leading to installer certification or qualification shall include both theoretical and practical parts. At the end of the training, the installer must have the skills required to install the relevant equipment and systems to meet the performance and reliability needs of the customer, incorporate quality craftsmanship, and comply with all applicable codes and standards, including energy and eco-labelling. 5. The training course shall end with an examination leading to a certificate or qualification. The examination shall include a practical assessment of successfully installing biomass boilers or stoves, heat pumps, shallow geothermal installations, solar photovoltaic or solar thermal installations. 6. The certification schemes or equivalent qualification schemes referred to in Article 14(3) shall take due account of the following guidelines: (a) Accredited training programmes should be offered to installers with work experience, who have undergone, or are undergoing, the following types of training: (i) in the case of biomass boiler and stove installers: training as a plumber, pipe fitter, heating engineer or technician of sanitary and heating or cooling equipment as a prerequisite; (ii) in the case of heat pump installers: training as a plumber or refrigeration engineer and have basic electrical and plumbing skills (cutting pipe, soldering pipe joints, gluing pipe joints, lagging, sealing fittings, testing for leaks and installation of heating or cooling systems) as a prerequisite; (iii) in the case of a solar photovoltaic or solar thermal installer: training as a plumber or electrician and have plumbing, electrical and roofing skills, including knowledge of soldering pipe joints, gluing pipe joints, sealing fittings, testing for plumbing leaks, ability to connect wiring, familiar with basic roof materials, flashing and sealing methods as a prerequisite; or (iv) a vocational training scheme to provide an installer with adequate skills corresponding to a three years education in the skills referred to in point (a), (b) or (c) including both classroom and workplace learning.
(b) The theoretical part of the biomass stove and boiler installer training should give an overview of the market situation of biomass and cover ecological aspects, biomass fuels, logistics, fire protection, related subsidies, combustion techniques, firing systems, optimal hydraulic solutions, cost and profitability comparison as well as the design, installation, and maintenance of biomass boilers and stoves. The training should also provide good knowledge of any European standards for technology and biomass fuels, such as pellets, and biomass related national and Community law. (c) The theoretical part of the heat pump installer training should give an overview of the market situation for heat pumps and cover geothermal resources and ground source temperatures of different regions, soil and rock identification for thermal conductivity, regulations on using geothermal resources, feasibility of using heat pumps in buildings and determining the most suitable heat pump system, and knowledge about their technical requirements, safety, air filtering, connection with the heat source and system layout. The training should also provide good knowledge of any European standards for heat pumps, and of relevant national and Community law. The installer should demonstrate the following key competences: (i) a basic understanding of the physical and operation principles of a heat pump, including characteristics of the heat pump circle: context between low temperatures of the heat sink, high temperatures of the heat source, and the efficiency of the system, determination of the coefficient of performance (COP) and seasonal performance factor (SPF); (ii) an understanding of the components and their function within a heat pump circle, including the compressor, expansion valve, evaporator, condenser, fixtures and fittings, lubricating oil, refrigerant, superheating and sub-cooling and cooling possibilities with heat pumps; and (iii) the ability to choose and size the components in typical installation situations, including determining the typical values of the heat load of different buildings and for hot water production based on energy consumption, determining the capacity of the heat pump on the heat load for hot water production, on the storage mass of the building and on interruptible current supply; determine buffer tank component and its volume and integration of a second heating system.
(d) The theoretical part of the solar photovoltaic and solar thermal installer training should give an overview of the market situation of solar products and cost and profitability comparisons, and cover ecological aspects, components, characteristics and dimensioning of solar systems, selection of accurate systems and dimensioning of components, determination of the heat demand, fire protection, related subsidies, as well as the design, installation, and maintenance of solar photovoltaic and solar thermal installations. The training should also provide good knowledge of any European standards for technology, and certification such as Solar Keymark, and related national and Community law. The installer should demonstrate the following key competences: (i) the ability to work safely using the required tools and equipment and implementing safety codes and standards and identify plumbing, electrical and other hazards associated with solar installations; (ii) the ability to identify systems and their components specific to active and passive systems, including the mechanical design, and determine the components’ location and system layout and configuration; (iii) the ability to determine the required installation area, orientation and tilt for the solar photovoltaic and solar water heater, taking account of shading, solar access, structural integrity, the appropriateness of the installation for the building or the climate and identify different installation methods suitable for roof types and the balance of system equipment required for the installation; and (iv) for solar photovoltaic systems in particular, the ability to adapt the electrical design, including determining design currents, selecting appropriate conductor types and ratings for each electrical circuit, determining appropriate size, ratings and locations for all associated equipment and subsystems and selecting an appropriate interconnection point.
(e) The installer certification should be time restricted, so that a refresher seminar or event would be necessary for continued certification.
| Biofuel production pathway | Typical greenhouse gas emission saving | Default greenhouse gas emission saving |
|---|---|---|
| sugar beet ethanol | 61 % | 52 % |
| wheat ethanol (process fuel not specified) | 32 % | 16 % |
| wheat ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant) | 32 % | 16 % |
| wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler) | 45 % | 34 % |
| wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant) | 53 % | 47 % |
| wheat ethanol (straw as process fuel in CHP plant) | 69 % | 69 % |
| corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant) | 56 % | 49 % |
| sugar cane ethanol | 71 % | 71 % |
| the part from renewable sources of ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether (ETBE) | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| the part from renewable sources of tertiary-amyl-ethyl-ether (TAEE) | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| rape seed biodiesel | 45 % | 38 % |
| sunflower biodiesel | 58 % | 51 % |
| soybean biodiesel | 40 % | 31 % |
| palm oil biodiesel (process not specified) | 36 % | 19 % |
| palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill) | 62 % | 56 % |
| waste vegetable or animal | 88 % | 83 % |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed | 51 % | 47 % |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower | 65 % | 62 % |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process not specified) | 40 % | 26 % |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill) | 68 % | 65 % |
| pure vegetable oil from rape seed | 58 % | 57 % |
| biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas | 80 % | 73 % |
| biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas | 84 % | 81 % |
| biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas | 86 % | 82 % |
| Biofuel production pathway | Typical greenhouse gas emission saving | Default greenhouse gas emission saving |
|---|---|---|
| wheat straw ethanol | 87 % | 85 % |
| waste wood ethanol | 80 % | 74 % |
| farmed wood ethanol | 76 % | 70 % |
| waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 95 % | 95 % |
| farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 93 % | 93 % |
| waste wood dimethylether (DME) | 95 % | 95 % |
| farmed wood DME | 92 % | 92 % |
| waste wood methanol | 94 % | 94 % |
| farmed wood methanol | 91 % | 91 % |
| the part from renewable sources of methyl-tertio-butyl-ether (MTBE) | Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used | |
(a) was not in use for agriculture or any other activity in January 2008; and (b) falls into one of the following categories: (i) severely degraded land, including such land that was formerly in agricultural use; (ii) heavily contaminated land.
(a) "severely degraded land" means land that, for a significant period of time, has either been significantly salinated or presented significantly low organic matter content and has been severely eroded; (b) "heavily contaminated land" means land that is unfit for the cultivation of food and feed due to soil contamination.
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| sugar beet ethanol | 12 | 12 |
| wheat ethanol | 23 | 23 |
| corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced | 20 | 20 |
| sugar cane ethanol | 14 | 14 |
| the part from renewable sources of ETBE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| the part from renewable sources of TAEE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| rape seed biodiesel | 29 | 29 |
| sunflower biodiesel | 18 | 18 |
| soybean biodiesel | 19 | 19 |
| palm oil biodiesel | 14 | 14 |
| waste vegetable or animal | 0 | 0 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed | 30 | 30 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower | 18 | 18 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil | 15 | 15 |
| pure vegetable oil from rape seed | 30 | 30 |
| biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas | 0 | 0 |
| biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas | 0 | 0 |
| biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas | 0 | 0 |
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| sugar beet ethanol | 19 | 26 |
| wheat ethanol (process fuel not specified) | 32 | 45 |
| wheat ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant) | 32 | 45 |
| wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler) | 21 | 30 |
| wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant) | 14 | 19 |
| wheat ethanol (straw as process fuel in CHP plant) | 1 | 1 |
| corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant) | 15 | 21 |
| sugar cane ethanol | 1 | 1 |
| the part from renewable sources of ETBE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| the part from renewable sources of TAEE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| rape seed biodiesel | 16 | 22 |
| sunflower biodiesel | 16 | 22 |
| soybean biodiesel | 18 | 26 |
| palm oil biodiesel (process not specified) | 35 | 49 |
| palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill) | 13 | 18 |
| waste vegetable or animal oil biodiesel | 9 | 13 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed | 10 | 13 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower | 10 | 13 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process not specified) | 30 | 42 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill) | 7 | 9 |
| pure vegetable oil from rape seed | 4 | 5 |
| biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas | 14 | 20 |
| biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas | 8 | 11 |
| biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas | 8 | 11 |
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| sugar beet ethanol | 2 | 2 |
| wheat ethanol | 2 | 2 |
| corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced | 2 | 2 |
| sugar cane ethanol | 9 | 9 |
| the part from renewable sources of ETBE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| the part from renewable sources of TAEE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| rape seed biodiesel | 1 | 1 |
| sunflower biodiesel | 1 | 1 |
| soybean biodiesel | 13 | 13 |
| palm oil biodiesel | 5 | 5 |
| waste vegetable or animal oil biodiesel | 1 | 1 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed | 1 | 1 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower | 1 | 1 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil | 5 | 5 |
| pure vegetable oil from rape seed | 1 | 1 |
| biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas | 3 | 3 |
| biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas | 5 | 5 |
| biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas | 4 | 4 |
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| sugar beet ethanol | 33 | 40 |
| wheat ethanol (process fuel not specified) | 57 | 70 |
| wheat ethanol (lignite as process fuel in CHP plant) | 57 | 70 |
| wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in conventional boiler) | 46 | 55 |
| wheat ethanol (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant) | 39 | 44 |
| wheat ethanol (straw as process fuel in CHP plant) | 26 | 26 |
| corn (maize) ethanol, Community produced (natural gas as process fuel in CHP plant) | 37 | 43 |
| sugar cane ethanol | 24 | 24 |
| the part from renewable sources of ETBE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| the part from renewable sources of TAEE | Equal to that of the ethanol production pathway used | |
| rape seed biodiesel | 46 | 52 |
| sunflower biodiesel | 35 | 41 |
| soybean biodiesel | 50 | 58 |
| palm oil biodiesel (process not specified) | 54 | 68 |
| palm oil biodiesel (process with methane capture at oil mill) | 32 | 37 |
| waste vegetable or animal oil biodiesel | 10 | 14 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from rape seed | 41 | 44 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from sunflower | 29 | 32 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process not specified) | 50 | 62 |
| hydrotreated vegetable oil from palm oil (process with methane capture at oil mill) | 27 | 29 |
| pure vegetable oil from rape seed | 35 | 36 |
| biogas from municipal organic waste as compressed natural gas | 17 | 23 |
| biogas from wet manure as compressed natural gas | 13 | 16 |
| biogas from dry manure as compressed natural gas | 12 | 15 |
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| wheat straw ethanol | 3 | 3 |
| waste wood ethanol | 1 | 1 |
| farmed wood ethanol | 6 | 6 |
| waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 1 | 1 |
| farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 4 | 4 |
| waste wood DME | 1 | 1 |
| farmed wood DME | 5 | 5 |
| waste wood methanol | 1 | 1 |
| farmed wood methanol | 5 | 5 |
| the part from renewable sources of MTBE | Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used | |
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| wheat straw ethanol | 5 | 7 |
| wood ethanol | 12 | 17 |
| wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 0 | 0 |
| wood DME | 0 | 0 |
| wood methanol | 0 | 0 |
| the part from renewable sources of MTBE | Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used | |
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| wheat straw ethanol | 2 | 2 |
| waste wood ethanol | 4 | 4 |
| farmed wood ethanol | 2 | 2 |
| waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 3 | 3 |
| farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 2 | 2 |
| waste wood DME | 4 | 4 |
| farmed wood DME | 2 | 2 |
| waste wood methanol | 4 | 4 |
| farmed wood methanol | 2 | 2 |
| the part from renewable sources of MTBE | Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used | |
| Biofuel and bioliquid production pathway | ||
|---|---|---|
| wheat straw ethanol | 11 | 13 |
| waste wood ethanol | 17 | 22 |
| farmed wood ethanol | 20 | 25 |
| waste wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 4 | 4 |
| farmed wood Fischer-Tropsch diesel | 6 | 6 |
| waste wood DME | 5 | 5 |
| farmed wood DME | 7 | 7 |
| waste wood methanol | 5 | 5 |
| farmed wood methanol | 7 | 7 |
| the part from renewable sources of MTBE | Equal to that of the methanol production pathway used | |
(a) target share of energy from renewable sources in electricity in 2020; (b) estimated trajectory for the share of energy from renewable sources in electricity; (c) target share of energy from renewable sources in heating and cooling in 2020; (d) estimated trajectory for the share of energy from renewable sources in heating and cooling; (e) estimated trajectory for the share of energy from renewable sources in transport; (f) national indicative trajectory as referred to in Article 3(2) and part B of Annex I.
(a) overview of all policies and measures concerning the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources; (b) specific measures to fulfil the requirements of Articles 13, 14 and 16, including the need to extend or reinforce existing infrastructure to facilitate the integration of the quantities of energy from renewable sources needed to achieve the 2020 national target, measures to accelerate the authorisation procedures, measures to reduce non-technological barriers and measures concerning Articles 17 to 21; (c) support schemes for the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources in electricity applied by the Member State or a group of Member States; (d) support schemes for the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources in heating and cooling applied by the Member State or a group of Member States; (e) support schemes for the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources in transport applied by the Member State or a group of Member States; (f) specific measures on the promotion of the use of energy from biomass, especially for new biomass mobilisation taking into account: (i) biomass availability: both domestic potential and imports; (ii) measures to increase biomass availability, taking into account other biomass users (agriculture and forest-based sectors);
(g) planned use of statistical transfers between Member States and planned participation in joint projects with other Member States and third countries: (i) the estimated excess production of energy from renewable sources compared to the indicative trajectory which could be transferred to other Member States; (ii) the estimated potential for joint projects; (iii) the estimated demand for energy from renewable sources to be satisfied by means other than domestic production.
(a) the total contribution expected of each renewable energy technology to meet the mandatory 2020 targets and the indicative trajectory for the shares of energy from renewable sources in electricity, heating and cooling and transport; (b) the total contribution expected of the energy efficiency and energy saving measures to meet the mandatory 2020 targets and the indicative trajectory for the shares of energy from renewable sources in electricity, heating and cooling and transport.
Q = the estimated total usable heat delivered by heat pumps fulfilling the criteria referred to in Article 5(4), implemented as follows: Only heat pumps for whichusable SPF > 1,15 * 1/η shall be taken into account,SPF = the estimated average seasonal performance factor for those heat pumps,η is the ratio between total gross production of electricity and the primary energy consumption for electricity production and shall be calculated as an EU average based on Eurostat data.
| Feedstock group | Mean | Interpercentile range derived from the sensitivity analysis |
|---|---|---|
| Cereals and other starch-rich crops | 12 | 8 to 16 |
| Sugars | 13 | 4 to 17 |
| Oil crops | 55 | 33 to 66 |
(1) feedstocks which are not listed under part A of this Annex. (2) feedstocks, the production of which has led to direct land-use change, i.e. a change from one of the following IPCC land cover categories: forest land, grassland, wetlands, settlements, or other land, to cropland or perennial cropland ( ++ )Perennial crops are defined as multi-annual crops, the stem of which is usually not annually harvested such as short rotation coppice and oil palm. l ) should have been calculated in accordance with point 7 of part C of Annex V.
(a) Algae if cultivated on land in ponds or photobioreactors. (b) Biomass fraction of mixed municipal waste, but not separated household waste subject to recycling targets under point (a) of Article 11(2) of Directive 2008/98/EC. (c) Bio-waste as defined in Article 3(4) of Directive 2008/98/EC from private households subject to separate collection as defined in Article 3(11) of that Directive. (d) Biomass fraction of industrial waste not fit for use in the food or feed chain, including material from retail and wholesale and the agro-food and fish and aquaculture industry, and excluding feedstocks listed in part B of this Annex. (e) Straw. (f) Animal manure and sewage sludge. (g) Palm oil mill effluent and empty palm fruit bunches. (h) Tall oil pitch. (i) Crude glycerine. (j) Bagasse. (k) Grape marcs and wine lees. (l) Nut shells. (m) Husks. (n) Cobs cleaned of kernels of corn. (o) Biomass fraction of wastes and residues from forestry and forest-based industries, i.e. bark, branches, pre-commercial thinnings, leaves, needles, tree tops, saw dust, cutter shavings, black liquor, brown liquor, fibre sludge, lignin and tall oil. (p) Other non-food cellulosic material as defined in point (s) of the second paragraph of Article 2. (q) Other ligno-cellulosic material as defined in point (r) of the second paragraph of Article 2 except saw logs and veneer logs. (r) Renewable liquid and gaseous transport fuels of non-biological origin. (s) Carbon capture and utilisation for transport purposes, if the energy source is renewable in accordance with point (a) of the second paragraph of Article 2. (t) Bacteria, if the energy source is renewable in accordance with point (a) of the second paragraph of Article 2.
(a) Used cooking oil. (b) Animal fats classified as categories 1 and 2 in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation) (OJ L 300, 14.11.2009, p. 1 ).
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