Council Directive 93/13/EEC of 5 April 1993 on unfair terms in consumer contracts Basic information CELEX number: 31993L0013Official Journal: JOL_1993_095_R_0029_030 Form: DirectiveProcedure number: --Languages: bg cs da de el en et fi fr hr hu it lv lt mt nl pl pt ro sk sl es sv Dates Date of document: Date of publication: Date of effect: April 16, 1993 Entry into force - Date notif. Date of transposition: Deadline: Modified by Modified by: Modifies Affected by case Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 21 December 2016. Francisco Gutiérrez Naranjo v Cajasur Banco SAU, Ana María Palacios Martínez v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA (BBVA), Banco Popular Español SA v Emilio Irles López and Teresa Torres Andreu. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil n° 1 de Granada and Audiencia Provincial de Alicante. References for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Consumer contracts — Mortgage loans — Unfair terms — Article 4(2) — Article 6(1) — Declaration of nullity — Limitation by the national court of the temporal effects of the declaration of nullity of an unfair term. Joined Cases C-154/15 and C-307/15. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 8 November 2018. VE v WD. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budai Központi Kerületi Bíróság. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 53(2) and Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in credit agreements entered into with consumers and which are denominated in a foreign currency — Term relating to foreign exchange risk — Requirement of clear and comprehensible drafting — Essential conditions defined in the contract ‘for information purposes’ — Directive 2008/48/EC — Consequences of errors in a creditworthiness assessment. Case C-227/18. undefined A03P3 NPT1LG A03P1 NPT1LE NPT2LA Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 12 January 2023. D.V. v M.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Contract for the provision of legal services concluded between a lawyer and a consumer – Article 4(2) – Assessment of the unfairness of contractual terms – Exclusion of terms relating to the main subject matter of the contract – Term providing for the payment of lawyers’ fees on the basis of an hourly rate – Article 6(1) – Powers of the national court when dealing with a term considered to be ‘unfair’. Case C-395/21. A08 A04P2 A07P1 A03P1 A06P1 Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 20 September 2017. Ruxandra Paula Andriciuc and Others v Banca Românească SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Oradea. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Article 3(1) and Article 4(2) — Assessment of the unfairness of contractual terms — Loan agreement concluded in a foreign currency — Exchange rate risk born entirely by the consumer — Significant imbalance in the parties’ rights and obligations arising under the contract — Time at which the imbalance must be assessed — Scope of the concept of terms drafted in ‘plain intelligible language’ — Level of information to be procured by the bank. Case C-186/16. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 14 June 2012. Banco Español de Crédito, SA v Joaquín Calderón Camino. Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona. Directive 93/13/EEC — Consumer contracts — Unfair term concerning interest on late payments — Order for payment procedure — Powers of the national court. Case C‑618/10. Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 27 April 2023. MJ v AxFina Hungary Zrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Győri Ítélőtábla. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Articles 6 and 7 – Loan agreements denominated in foreign currency – Legal consequences of a declaration that a loan agreement is invalid because of the unfairness of a term in that agreement – Contractual term placing the exchange rate risk on the consumer. Case C-705/21. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 17 July 2014. Juan Carlos Sánchez Morcillo and María del Carmen Abril García v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Castellón. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 7 — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Article 47 — Consumer contracts — Mortgage loan agreement — Unfair terms — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Right to an appeal. Case C‑169/14. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 30 June 2022. Profi Credit Bulgaria v T.I.T. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Consumer credit – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 6(1) – Ex officio review – Refusal to issue an order for payment in the event of a claim based on an unfair term – Consequences relating to the unfairness of a contractual term – Right to restitution – Principles of equivalence and effectiveness – Offsetting ex officio. Case C-170/21. Order of the Court (First Chamber), 14 November 2013. Banco Popular Español SA v Maria Teodolinda Rivas Quichimbo and Wilmar Edgar Cun Pérez and Banco de Valencia SA v Joaquín Valldeperas Tortosa and María Ángeles Miret Jaume. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción No. 1 de Catarroja and from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No. 17 de Palma de Mallorca. Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Consumer contracts — Mortgage loan agreement — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Powers of the national court responsible for enforcement — Unfair terms — Criteria for assessment. Joined Cases C‑537/12 and C‑116/13. A03P3 A03P1 NPT2LA NPT1LG NPT1LE Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 12 October 2023. R. A. and Others v „Luminor Bank AS“,agissant par intermédiaire de „Luminor Bank AS“ Lietuvos skyrius. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Effects of a term being found to be unfair – Intention of a consumer to preserve a contract by amending the terms found to be unfair – Powers of the national court. Case C-645/22. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 7 August 2018. Banco Santander SA v Mahamadou Demba and Mercedes Godoy Bonet and Rafael Ramón Escobedo Cortés v Banco de Sabadell SA. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n° 38 de Barcelona and the Tribunal Supremo. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Scope — Assignment of debts — Loan agreement concluded with a consumer — Criteria for assessing the unfairness of a contractual term setting the default interest rate — Consequences of that unfairness. Joined Cases C-96/16 and C-94/17. undefined Order of the Court (First Chamber) of 3 July 2019. Bankia SA v Alfredo Sánchez Martínez and Sandra Sánchez Triviño. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Alicante. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Articles 6 and 7 — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Accelerated repayment term in a mortgage loan agreement — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Question identical to a question on which the Court has already ruled or where the reply to such a question may be clearly deduced from existing case-law — Powers of the national court when dealing with a term regarded as ‘unfair’ — Replacement of the unfair term with a provision of national law — Principle of effectiveness — Principle of procedural autonomy. Case C-486/16. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 7 December 2017. Banco Santander, SA v Cristobalina Sánchez López. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Jerez de la Frontera. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Consumer contracts — Unfair terms — Powers of the national court — Effectiveness of the protection afforded to consumers — Mortgage loan agreement — Extrajudicial enforcement procedure — Simplified declaratory court procedure for recognition of the real rights of the successful bidder. Case C-598/15. Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 4 June 2020. Kancelaria Medius SA v RN. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Poznaniu. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC– Article 7(1) — Consumer credit — Review of whether the contractual terms are unfair — Failure of the consumer to appear at the hearing — Scope of the court’s powers and obligations. Case C-495/19. Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 9 July 2015. Maria Bucura v SC Bancpost SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecătoria Câmpulung. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 87/102/EEC — Article 1(2)(a) — Consumer credit — Concept of ‘consumer’ — Directive 93/13/EEC — Articles 2(b), 3 to 5 and 6(1) — Unfair terms — Examination by the national court of its own motion — Terms drafted ‘in plain, intelligible language’ — Information which the creditor must provide. Case C-348/14. A05 A03P3 A06P1 A04 A03P1 A03 A02LB Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 21 February 2013. Banif Plus Bank Zrt v Csaba Csipai and Viktória Csipai. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Bíróság (now the Fővárosi Törvényszék). Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Examination by the national court, of its own motion, as to whether a term is unfair — Obligation on the national court, once it has found, of its own motion, that a term is unfair, to invite the parties to submit their observations before drawing conclusions from that finding — Contractual terms to be taken into account in the assessment of that unfairness. Case C‑472/11. Order of the Court (First Chamber), 3 April 2014. Katalin Sebestyén v Zsolt Csaba Kővári and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Szombathelyi Törvényszék. Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Contract for a mortgage loan concluded with a bank — Clause providing for the exclusive competence of a single arbitration tribunal — Information on the arbitration procedure provided by the bank at the conclusion of the contract — Unfair terms — Criteria for assessment. Case C‑342/13. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 26 March 2020. Mikrokasa S.A. w Gdyni and Revenue Niestandaryzowany Sekurytyzacyjny Fundusz Inwestycyjny Zamknięty w Warszawie v XO. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy w Siemianowicach Śląskich. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Credit agreements for consumers — Directive 2008/48/EC — Article 3(g), Article 10(2) and Article 22(1) — Level of harmonisation — Concept of ‘non-interest credit costs’ — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 1(2) — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Ceiling value for the total non-interest credit costs — Contractual terms reflecting mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions — Not included. Case C-779/18. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 15 January 2015. Birutė Šiba v Arūnas Devėnas. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Scope — Consumer contracts — Contract for the provision of legal services concluded between a lawyer and a consumer. Case C-537/13. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 21 November 2002. Cofidis SA v Jean-Louis Fredout. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal d'instance de Vienne - France. Directive 93/13/EEC - Unfair terms in consumer contracts - Action brought by a seller or supplier - National provision prohibiting the national court from finding a term unfair, of its own motion or following a plea raised by the consumer, after the expiry of a limitation period. Case C-473/00. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 17 November 2021. YB v Unión de Créditos Inmobiliarios SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Ibiza. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Articles 53 and 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan agreement – Variable interest rate – Mortgage loan reference index (IRPH) – Review of transparency by the national court – Duty to provide information – Assessment of the unfair nature of contractual terms – Requirements of good faith, balance and transparency – Consequences of a declaration of nullity. Case C-79/21. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 8 September 2022. E.K. and Others v D.B.P. and Others. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy - Śródmieścia w Warszawie. Request for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Mortgage credit agreements – Effects of a finding that a term is unfair – Period of limitation – Principle of effectiveness. Joined Cases C-80/21 to C-82/21. Order of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 16 November 2010. Pohotovosť s.r.o. v Iveta Korčkovská. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Krajský súd v Prešove - Slovakia. Preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms – Directive 2008/48/EC – Directive 87/102/EEC – Consumer credit contracts – Annual percentage rate of charge – Arbitration proceedings – Arbitration award – Power of the national court to examine of its own motion whether certain terms are unfair. Case C-76/10. Order of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 5 July 2016. Banco Popular Español SA and PL Salvador, S.A.R.L. v Maria Rita Giraldez Villar and Modesto Martínez Baz. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia Vigo. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Assignment of a claim — Right of the debtor to extinguish his debt — Conditions governing the exercise of that right. Case C-7/16. Judgment of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 5 June 2019. GT v HS. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budai Központi Kerületi Bíróság. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 3(1) — Article 4(2) — Article 6(1) — Loan agreement denominated in foreign currency — The exchange rate applicable to the sum made available in domestic currency communicated to the consumer after the agreement has been concluded. Case C-38/17. Judgment of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 10 June 2021. Prima banka Slovensko a.s. v HD. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Scope – Article 1(2) – Mandatory national legislative provisions – Early termination of the loan agreement – Accumulation of loan interest and default interest. Case C-192/20. Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 2 September 2021. JZ v OTP Jelzálogbank Zrt. and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Győri Ítélőtábla. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Unfair terms – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 1(2) – Article 6(1) – Loan denominated in foreign currency – Difference between the exchange rate applicable when the loaned funds are released and when they are repaid – Member State legislation providing for the replacement of an unfair term by a provision of national law – Possibility for the national court to invalidate the entire agreement containing the unfair term – Possible consideration of the protection offered by that legislation and of the consumer’s wishes regarding its application. Case C-932/19. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 8 May 2024. WN v Santander Bank Polska S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Krakowie. Case C-424/22. Order of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 26 October 2016. Ismael Fernández Oliva and Others v Caixabank SA and Others. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Contracts concluded between sellers or suppliers and consumers — Mortgage contracts — ‘Floor’ clause — Collective proceedings — Individual action with the same subject matter — Interim relief. Joined Cases C-568/14 to C-570/14. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 21 January 2015. Unicaja Banco, SA v José Hidalgo Rueda and Others and Caixabank SA v Manuel María Rueda Ledesma and Others. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción de Marchena. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Contracts concluded between sellers or suppliers and consumers — Mortgage contracts — Default interest clauses — Unfair terms — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Moderation of the amount of interest — Powers of the national court. Joined Cases C-482/13, C-484/13, C-485/13 and C-487/13. undefined Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 13 July 2023. CAJASUR Banco S.A. v JO and IM. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Malaga. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 6(1) – General conditions of a mortgage loan agreement declared null and void by national courts – Legal action – Admission prior to any dispute – National legislation requiring a consumer to take steps prior to bringing proceedings against the seller or supplier concerned in order to guarantee the award of the costs of legal proceedings – Principle of sound administration of justice – Right to effective judicial protection. Case C-35/22. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 18 December 2023. Proceedings brought by 'Eurobank Bulgaria' AD. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad. Case C-231/23. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 14 April 2016. Jorge Sales Sinués and Youssouf Drame Ba v Caixabank SA and Catalunya Caixa SA (Catalunya Banc S.A.). References for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil and Juzgado Mercantil de Barcelona. References for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Contracts concluded between sellers or suppliers and consumers — Mortgage contracts — ‘Floor’ clause — Examination of the clause with a view to its invalidation — Collective proceedings — Action for an injunction — Stay of an individual action with the same subject matter. Joined Cases C-381/14 and C-385/14. Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 27 October 2022. „S. V.“ OOD v E. Ts. D. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Rayonen sad - Nesebar. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 2(b) – Concept of ‘consumer’ – Article 2(c) – Concept of ‘seller or supplier’ – Natural person who owns an apartment in a building in co-ownership – Different types of legal relationships relating to the management and maintenance of that building – Difference in treatment, as regards the status of consumer, arising from the law of a Member State between co‑owners who have concluded an individual contract for the management and maintenance of the communal areas of such a building and those who have not concluded such a contract. Case C-485/21. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 1 June 2021. UP v Banco Santander SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Orense. Case C-268/19. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 8 June 2023. I.S. and K.S. v YYY. S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Dual-purpose contract – Article 2(b) – Concept of ‘consumer’ – Criteria. Case C-570/21. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 22 February 2018. Liviu Petru Lupean and Oana Andreea Lupean v SC OTP BAAK Nyrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Sibiu. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Articles 3(1), 4(1), 4(2) and 5 — Assessment of the unfairness of contractual terms — Loan agreement concluded in a foreign currency — Exchange rate risk borne entirely by the consumer — Significant imbalance in the parties’ rights and obligations under the contract — Main subject matter of the loan agreement. Case C-119/17. undefined A07 A07P2 A07P1 A03P1 A06P1 A03P3 undefined Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 25 April 2024. F C C and M A B v Caixabank SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Barcelona. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan contract – Term stipulating that costs relating to the contract are to be paid by the consumer – Final judicial decision finding that term unfair and declaring it void – Action for restitution of the sums paid pursuant to the unfair term – Point from which the limitation period starts to run. Case C-484/21. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 28 July 2016. Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Amazon EU Sàrl. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Judicial cooperation in civil matters — Regulations (EC) No 864/2007 and (EC) No 593/2008 — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Data protection — Directive 95/46/EC — Online sales contracts concluded with consumers resident in other Member States — Unfair terms — General terms and conditions containing a choice-of-law term applying the law of the Member State in which the company is established — Determination of the applicable law for assessing the unfairness of terms in those general terms and conditions in an action for an injunction — Determination of the law governing the processing of personal data of consumers. Case C-191/15. undefined Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 5 December 2013. Asociación de Consumidores Independientes de Castilla y León v Anuntis Segundamano España SL. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Salamanca. Request for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Action seeking an injunction brought by a regional consumer protection association — Jurisdiction of local courts — No remedy against a decision declining jurisdiction delivered at first instance — Procedural autonomy of the Member States — Principles of equivalence and effectiveness. Case C‑413/12. Judgment of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 29 April 2021. I.W. and R.W. v Bank BPH S.A. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Effects of a finding that a term is unfair – Mortgage loan agreement denominated in a foreign currency – Determination of the exchange rate between currencies – Novation agreement – Deterrent effect – Obligations of the national court – Article 6(1), and Article 7(1). Case C-19/20. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 1 October 2015. ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt v Attila Sugár. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer — Mortgage loan agreement — Article 7(1) — Stopping the use of unfair terms — Adequate and effective means — Acknowledgement of the debt — Notarised instrument — Affixation of the enforcement clause by a notary — Enforceable order — Notary’s obligations — Examination by the national court of its own motion of unfair terms — Judicial review — Principles of equivalence and effectiveness. Case C-32/14. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 7 December 2022. S v AA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj. Case C-566/21. Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 21 December 2021. DP and SG v Trapeza Peiraios AE. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms – Article 1(2) – Contractual terms reflecting mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions – Exclusion from the scope of the directive – Loan repayable in foreign currency – Term reflecting a national provision of a supplementary nature – Effect of non-transposition of Article 1(2) of the directive – Article 3(1) and Article 4(1) – Assessment of the unfairness of a term – Article 8 – Adoption or retention of national provisions ensuring a maximum degree of protection for the consumer – Interaction between these various provisions of Directive 93/13. Case C-243/20. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 16 July 2020. CY and Others v Caixabank SA and Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n° 17 de Palma de Mallorca and Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción de Ceuta. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Articles 6 and 7 – Consumer contracts – Mortgage loans – Unfair terms – Term charging all of the costs of creating and cancelling a mortgage to the borrower – Effects of a declaration that those terms are void – Powers of the national court when dealing with a term considered to be ‘unfair’ – Award of costs – Application of national supplementary provisions – Article 3(1) – Assessment of the unfairness of contractual terms – Article 4(2) – Exclusion of terms relating to the main subject matter of the contract or the adequacy of the price and the remuneration – Condition – Article 5 – Obligation to draft contractual terms in plain, intelligible language – Costs – Limitation – Principle of effectiveness. Joined Cases C-224/19 and C-259/19. A05 A03P1 A04P2 A07P1 A06P1 A03 Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 26 March 2019. Abanca Corporación Bancaria SA v Alberto García Salamanca Santos and Bankia SA v Alfonso Antonio Lau Mendoza and Verónica Yuliana Rodríguez Ramírez. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo and the Juzgado de Primera Instancia no 1 de Barcelona. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Articles 6 and 7 — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Accelerated repayment clause of a mortgage loan contract — Declaration that the clause is unfair in part — Powers of the national court when dealing with a term regarded as ‘unfair’ — Replacement of the unfair term with a provision of national law. Joined Cases C-70/17 and C-179/17. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 21 April 2016. Ernst Georg Radlinger and Helena Radlingerová v Finway a.s. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský soud v Praze. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 7 — National rules governing insolvency proceedings — Debts arising from a consumer credit agreement — Effective judicial remedy — Point 1(e) of the annex — Disproportionate amount of compensation — Directive 2008/48/EC — Article 3(l) — Total amount of credit — Point I of Annex I — Amount of drawdown — Calculation of the annual percentage rate — Article 10(2) — Obligation to provide information — Ex officio examination — Penalty. Case C-377/14. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 12 February 2015. Nóra Baczó and János István Vizsnyiczai v Raiffeisen Bank Zrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 7 — Mortgage loan agreement — Arbitration clause — Unfairness — Action by consumer — National procedural rule — Lack of jurisdiction of the court hearing the action by a consumer for a declaration of invalidity of a standard contract to hear the application for a declaration of unfairness of terms in the same contract. Case C-567/13. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 3 September 2015. Horațiu Ovidiu Costea v SC Volksbank România SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecătoria Oradea. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 2(b) — Concept of ‘consumer’ — Credit agreement concluded by a natural person who practises as a lawyer — Repayment of a loan secured on a building owned by the borrower’s law firm — Borrower who has the necessary knowledge to assess the unfairness of a term before signing the agreement. Case C-110/14. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 1 April 2004. Freiburger Kommunalbauten GmbH Baugesellschaft & Co. KG v Ludger Hofstetter and Ulrike Hofstetter. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Bundesgerichtshof - Germany. Directive 93/13/EEC - Unfair terms in consumer contracts - Contract for the building and supply of a parking space - Reversal of the order of performance of contractual obligations provided for under national law - Clause obliging the consumer to pay the price before the seller or supplier has performed his obligations - Obligation on the seller or supplier to provide a guarantee. Case C-237/02. undefined Order of the Court (First Chamber) of 3 July 2019. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA v Fernando Quintano Ujeta and María Isabel Sánchez García. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Santander. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/CEE — Articles 6 and 7 — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Accelerated repayment term in a mortgage loan agreement — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Question identical to a question on which the Court has previously ruled or to which the answer can clearly be deduced from the case-law — Declaration that the term is unfair in part — Powers of the national court when dealing with a term regarded as ‘unfair’ — Replacement of the unfair term with a provision of national law — Article 53(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Question manifestly inadmissible. Case C-167/16. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 11 March 2020. Györgyné Lintner v UniCredit Bank Hungary Zrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Foreign currency based loan contract – Article 4(1) – Consideration of all the other terms of the contract for the purpose of assessing the unfairness of the contested term – Article 6(1) – Examination by the national court of its own motion as to whether the clauses in the contract are unfair – Scope. Case C-511/17. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 19 December 2019. Bondora AS v Carlos V. C. and XY. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia Vigo and Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Barcelona. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Judicial cooperation in civil matters — European order for payment procedure — Regulation (EC) No 1896/2006 — Provision of additional documents to support the claim — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Directive 93/13/EEC — Review by the court seised in the context of an application for a European payment order. Joined Cases C-453/18 and C-494/18. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 30 May 2024. JF and OP v Deutsche Bank Polska S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie. Case C-325/23. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 7 November 2019. Profi Credit Polska S.A. v Bogumiła Włostowska and Others and Profi Credit Polska S.A. v OH. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy Pragi-Południe w Warszawie and Sąd Okręgowy w Opolu, II Wydział Cywilny Odwoławczy. References for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 3(1) — Article 6(1) — Article 7(1) — Directive 2008/48/EC — Article 10(2) — Credit agreements for consumers — Lawfulness of securing the debt arising under the agreement by means of a blank promissory note — Demand for payment of the debt owed under the promissory note — Scope of the court’s powers and obligations. Joined Cases C-419/18 and C-483/18. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 8 December 2022. VB v GUPFINGER Einrichtungsstudio GmbH. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof. Case C-625/21. Order of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 14 October 2021. NSV and NM v BT. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Scope – Article 1(2) – Contractual terms which reflect mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions – Credit agreements denominated in a foreign currency – Terms relating to the exchange rate risk which reproduce a supplementary provision of national law – Alleged failure to fulfil the obligation of information borne by the banking institution providing the loan – Requirement of good faith – Examination to be carried out by the national court as a matter of priority in the light of Article 1(2) of Directive 93/13. Case C-87/21. Judgment of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 13 October 2022. FV v NOVA KREDITNA BANKA MARIBOR d.d. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Višje sodišče v Mariboru. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 3(1) and Article 8 – Criteria for assessing the unfairness of a contractual term – Significant imbalance between the parties’ rights and obligations under the contract – Requirement of good faith on the part of the seller or supplier – Possibility of ensuring a higher level of protection than that provided for in the directive. Case C-405/21. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 26 January 2017. Banco Primus SA v Jesús Gutiérrez García. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Contracts concluded between sellers or suppliers and consumers — Unfair terms — Mortgage loan agreements — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Limitation period — Function of the national courts — Res judicata. Case C-421/14. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 4 June 2009. Pannon GSM Zrt. v Erzsébet Sustikné Győrfi. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Budaörsi Városi Bíróság - Hungary. Directive 93/13/EEC - Unfair terms in consumer contracts - Legal effects of an unfair term - Power of and obligation on the national court to examine of its own motion the unfairness of a term conferring jurisdiction - Criteria for assessment. Case C-243/08. Order of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 14 September 2016. Pavel Dumitraș and Mioara Dumitraș v BRD Groupe Société Générale – sucursala Satu Mare. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecâtoria Satu Mare. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Article 1(1) — Article 2(b) — Status of consumer — Assignment of a debt by novation of loan agreements — Contracts providing immovable property as security entered into by individuals not having any professional relationship with the new debtor company. Case C-534/15. undefined Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 25 November 2020. Banca B. SA v A.A.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Consequences of a term being found to be unfair – Replacement of the unfair term – Method for calculating the variable interest rate – Whether permissible – Referral of the parties to negotiations. Case C-269/19. undefined Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 3 October 2019. Verein für Konsumenteninformation v TVP Treuhand- und Verwaltungsgesellschaft für Publikumsfonds mbH & Co KG. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Area of freedom, security and justice — Judicial cooperation in civil matters — Law applicable to contractual obligations — Exclusion of company law from the scope of the Rome Convention and of Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 (Rome I) — Trust agreement concluded between a professional and a consumer for the management of shares in a limited partnership. Case C-272/18. Order of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 17 March 2016. Ibercaja Banco SAU v José Cortés González. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n° 5 de Alcobendas. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Mortgage loans — Term relating to default interest — Early repayment term — Power of the national court — Time limit. Case C-613/15. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 21 March 2019. Henri Pouvin and Marie Dijoux, v Electricité de France (EDF). Request for a preliminary ruling from the Cour de cassation. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Scope — Article 2(b) and (c) –Concepts of ‘consumer’ and of ‘seller or supplier’ — Finance for the purchase of a home — Mortgage loan granted by an employer to its employee and to his spouse, the jointly and severally liable co-borrower. Case C-590/17. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 8 June 2023. OZ v Lyoness Europe AG. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Olt. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 2(b) – Definition of ‘consumer’ – Contract for membership of a loyalty scheme enabling certain financial benefits to be obtained when purchasing goods and services from third-party traders. Case C-455/21. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 10 September 2014. Monika Kušionová v SMART Capital, a.s. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Consumer credit agreement — Article 1(2) — Term reflecting a mandatory statutory provision — Scope of the directive — Articles 3(1), 4, 6(1) and 7(1) — Security for credit in the form of a charge on immovable property — Whether it is possible to enforce the charge by means of a sale by auction — Judicial review. Case C‑34/13. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 13 July 2023. ZR and PI v Banco Santander, SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n. 17 de Palma de Mallorca. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan agreements – Term providing for a variable interest rate – Reference index based on the annual percentage rates of charge (APRC) of mortgage loans granted by credit institutions – Index established by a regulatory or administrative act – Information contained in the preamble to that act – Check relating to the requirement of transparency – Assessment of the unfair nature of the term. Case C-265/22. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 6 November 2019. MF v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA Paris Sucursala Bucureşti and Secapital Sàrl. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureş. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Directive 93/13/EEC — Consumer contracts — Consumer credit — Enforcement proceedings — Period of 15 days from communication of the enforcement proceedings to invoke the unfair nature of a term. Case C-75/19. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 5 October 2023. AL v Princess Holdings. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Qorti tal-Maġistrati (Malta). Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 53(2), Article 94(b) and (c) and Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Consumer protection – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Bills of exchange – Requirement to set out the regulatory context of the main proceedings – Requirement to state the reasons justifying the need for a reply from the Court – Manifest inadmissibility in part – No jurisdiction of the court of enforcement hearing an objection to assess, of its own motion or at the request of the consumer concerned, the unfairness of the terms of the contract concluded by that consumer with a seller or supplier and forming the basis of the issue of the bills of exchange the enforceability of which is in dispute. Case C-25/23. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 10 June 2021. MN and Others v X Bank S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie II Wydział Cywilny. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 2(b) – Concept of ‘consumer’ – Mortgage loan drawn up in a foreign currency – Articles 3 and 4 – Assessment of the unfairness of a contractual term. Case C-198/20. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 20 April 2023. Ocidental – Companhia Portuguesa de Seguros de Vida SA v LP. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Supremo Tribunal de Justiça. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Articles 3 to 6 – Criteria for assessing the unfairness of a contractual term – Requirement of transparency – Group insurance contract – Permanent invalidity of the consumer – Duty to provide information – Non-disclosure of a term limiting or excluding cover against the insured risk. Case C-263/22. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 28 February 2023. AW and PN v Caixabank SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Palma de Mallorca. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Articles 53 and 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 2014/17/EU – Mortgage loan – Variable interest rate – Term providing for the application of an interest rate calculated on the basis of a mortgage loan reference index (IRPH) plus 0.50% – Criteria for assessing whether such a term is unfair – Requirements of good faith, balance and transparency – Consequences of a finding that the term is unfair. Case C-254/22. Order of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 11 June 2015. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, SA v Fernando Quintano Ujeta and María Isabel Sánchez García. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Contractual relationship between a seller or a supplier and a consumer — Mortgage contract — Default interest clause — Early repayment clause — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Moderation of the amount of interest — Powers of the national court). Case C-602/13. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 14 March 2019. Zsuzsanna Dunai v ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budai Központi Kerületi Bíróság. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 1(2) — Article 6(1) — Loan contract denominated in a foreign currency — Exchange difference — Substitution of a legislative provision for an unfair term declared void — Exchange rate risk — Continued existence of the contract after the unfair term has been deleted — National system for a uniform interpretation of law. Case C-118/17. Case C-76/10: Order of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 16 November 2010 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove (Slovak Republic)) — Pohotovost’ s.r.o. v Iveta Korčkovská (Preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Directive 2008/48/EC — Directive 87/102 — Consumer credit contracts — Annual percentage rate of charge — Arbitration proceedings — Arbitration award — Power of the national court to examine of its own motion whether certain terms are unfair) {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 4 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 3 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 4 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 3 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 4 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 3 Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 14 March 2013. Mohamed Aziz v Caixa d´Estalvis de Catalunya, Tarragona i Manresa (Catalunyacaixa). Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil nº 3 de Barcelona. Directive 93/13/EEC — Consumer contracts — Mortgage loan agreement — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Powers of the court hearing the declaratory proceedings — Unfair terms — Assessment criteria. Case C‑415/11. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 26 April 2012. Nemzeti Fogyasztóvédelmi Hatóság v Invitel Távközlési Zrt. Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Pest Megyei Bíróság. Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 3(1) and (3) — Articles 6 and 7 — Consumer contracts — Unfair terms — Unilateral amendment of the terms of a contract by a seller or supplier — Action for an injunction brought in the public interest and on behalf of consumers by a body appointed by national legislation — Declaration of the unfair nature of a term — Legal effects. Case C‑472/10. A06P1 A03P1 A07 A03P3 A07P1 A07P2 Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 16 January 2014. Constructora Principado SA v José Ignacio Menéndez Álvarez. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Audiencia Provincial de Oviedo - Spain. Directive 93/13/EEC - Consumer contracts - Contract for the purchase of immovable property - Unfair terms - Criteria for assessment. Case C-226/12. undefined undefined Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 3 September 2020. Profi Credit Polska S.A. and Others v QJ and Others. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy Szczecin – Prawobrzeże i Zachód w Szczecinie and the Sąd Rejonowy w Opatowie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 1(2) – Scope – National provision providing for the maximum amount of non-interest credit costs – Article 3(1) – Contractual term passing on to the consumer costs of the lender’s business activity – Significant imbalance between the rights and obligations of the parties – Article 4(2) – Obligation to draft contract terms in plain intelligible language – Contractual terms which do not specify the services for which remuneration is sought – Directive 2008/48/EC – Article 3(g) – National legislation laying down a method of calculating the maximum non-interest credit cost which may be charged to the consumer. Joined Cases C-84/19, C-222/19 and C-252/19. Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 31 March 2022. Lombard Pénzügyi és Lízing Zrt. v PN. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms – Credit agreements – Loan denominated in a foreign currency repayable in national currency – Contractual term placing the exchange rate risk on the consumer – Unfairness of a term relating to the main subject matter of the agreement – Effects – Invalidity of the agreement – Serious harm to the consumer – Effectiveness of Directive 93/13 – Non-binding opinion of the highest court – Possibility of restoring the parties to the situation they would have been in if that agreement had not been concluded. Case C-472/20. undefined Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 6 July 2017. Air Berlin plc & Co. Luftverkehrs KG v Bundesverband der Verbraucherzentralen und Verbraucherverbände - Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband e.V. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Transport — Common rules for the operation of air services in the European Union — Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008 — Provisions on pricing — Article 22(1) — Article 23(1) — Information required on presentation of fares and rates available to the general public — Obligation to indicate the actual sum of taxes, charges, surcharges or fees — Pricing freedom — Invoicing of handling fees in the event of cancellation of a flight booking by a passenger or failure to present for boarding — Consumer protection. Case C-290/16. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 7 April 2022. EL and TP v Caixabank SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n° 49 de Barcelona. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Principle of effectiveness – Principle of equivalence – Judicial proceedings seeking a declaration that a contractual term is unfair – National court's power of review of its own motion – National proceedings for taxation of costs – Costs recoverable in respect of lawyers’ fees. Case C-385/20. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 25 January 2024. Caixabank SA and Others v WE and Others. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Charges arising from the formalisation of the mortgage loan agreement – Restitution of the sums paid under a term declared to be unfair – Starting point of the limitation period for an action for restitution. Joined Cases C-810/21 to C-813/21. Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 26 June 2019. Aleš Kuhar and Jožef Kuhar v Addiko Bank d.d. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Višje sodišče v Mariboru. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Directive 93/13/EEC — Proceedings for enforcement of a mortgage claim — Directly enforceable notarial instrument — Judicial review of unfair terms — Suspension of enforcement — Lack of competence of the court before which the application for enforcement has been brought — Consumer protection — Principle of effectiveness — Interpretation in conformity with EU law. Case C-407/18. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 26 October 2006. Elisa María Mostaza Claro v Centro Móvil Milenium SL. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Audiencia Provincial de Madrid - Spain. Directive 93/13/EEC - Unfair terms in consumer contracts - Failure to raise the unfair nature of a term during arbitration proceedings - Possibility of raising that objection in the context of an action brought against the arbitration award. Case C-168/05. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 11 April 2024. Eventmedia Soluciones SL v Air Europa Líneas Aéreas SAU. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil de Palma de Mallorca. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Air transport – Montreal Convention – Article 19 – Compensation for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage of baggage – Assignment to a commercial company of the passenger’s claim against the air carrier – Contractual clause prohibiting such an assignment – Directive 93/13/EC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Review of its own motion of the unfairness of the clause prohibiting the assignment of passenger rights – Detailed rules for that review in the context of a dispute between the assignee company and the air carrier – Principles of equivalence and effectiveness – Principle of audi alterem partem. Case C-173/23. Order of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 24 March 2022. BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA v ZD. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Judiciaire - Bobigny. Case C-288/20. undefined Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 18 January 2024. Getin Noble Bank S.A. and Others v TL. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy - Śródmieścia w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 3(1) – Article 6(1) – Article 7(1) – Article 8 – Enforcement order which has acquired the force of res judicata – Power of the court to assess of its own motion whether a term is unfair when supervising enforcement proceedings – National register of standard business terms which are held to be unlawful – Terms which are linguistically different from those contained in that register, but which have the same meaning and the same effect. Case C-531/22. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 6 February 2024. Proceedings brought by Profi Credit Bulgaria EOOD and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad. Case C-425/23. undefined Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 30 May 2024. UG v SC Raiffeisen Bank SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureş. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 1(2) – Scope – Exclusion of contractual terms reflecting mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions – Supplementary agreement to a credit agreement notified by the seller or supplier to the consumer for the purpose of complying with national legislation – Article 3(2) – Contractual term which has not been individually negotiated – Failure of the consumer to sign the supplementary agreement – Presumption of tacit acceptance of that supplementary agreement – National case-law precluding the courts from reviewing whether a contractual term contained in such a supplementary agreement is unfair. Case C-176/23. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 17 May 2022. SPV Project 1503 Srl and Others v YB and Others v YX and ZW. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Milano. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Principle of equivalence – Principle of effectiveness – Payment order and attachment proceedings against third parties – Force of res judicata implicitly covering the validity of the terms of an enforceable instrument – Power of the court hearing the enforcement proceedings to examine of its own motion the potential unfairness of a term. Joined Cases C-693/19 and C-831/19. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 18 October 2023. VU and IT v EUROBANK BULGARIA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Apelativen sad - Sofia. Case C-117/23. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 21 September 2023. AM and PM v mBank S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy - Śródmieścia w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan contract index-linked to a foreign currency – Criteria for assessment of whether a conversion clause is unfair – National register of standard business terms which are held to be unlawful – Duty to provide information. Case C-139/22. A07P1 A04P2 A08 A02LB A03P1 Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 16 March 2023. M.B. and Others v X S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Articles 6 and 7 – Effects of a declaration that a term is unfair – Mortgage loan agreement indexed to a foreign currency – Continued existence of the contract without unfair terms – Consumer’s wish to have the contract declared invalid – Application of the directive after the invalidation of the contract – Powers and obligations of the national court. Case C-6/22. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 17 May 2022. L v Unicaja Banco SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Principle of equivalence – Principle of effectiveness – Mortgage agreement – Unfairness of the ‘floor clause’ in the agreement – National rules concerning the judicial appeal procedure – Limitation of the temporal effects of the declaration that an unfair term is void – Restitution – Power of review by the national appeal court of its own motion. Case C-869/19. undefined Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber), 27 February 2014. Pohotovosť s. r. o. v Miroslav Vašuta. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Okresný súd Svidník. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer credit contract — Unfair terms — Directive 93/13/EEC — Enforcement of an arbitration award — Application for leave to intervene in enforcement proceedings — Consumer protection association — National legislation which does not allow such an intervention — Procedural autonomy of the Member States. Case C‑470/12. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 3 October 2019. Kamil Dziubak and Justyna Dziubak v Raiffeisen Bank International AG, prowadzący działalność w Polsce w formie oddziału pod nazwą Raiffeisen Bank International AG Oddział w Polsce, anciennement Raiffeisen Bank Polska SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Consumer contracts — Unfair terms — Mortgage loan indexed to a foreign currency — Term relating to arrangement of the exchange rate between the currencies — Effects of a declaration that a term is unfair — Whether it is possible for the court to remedy unfair terms by having recourse to general terms of civil law — Assessment of the consumer’s interests — Continued existence of the contract without unfair terms. Case C-260/18. Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 10 September 2020. A v B and C. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Annex, point 1(e) – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Social housing – Obligation of residence and prohibition on subletting the property – Article 3(1) and (3) – Article 4(1) – Assessment of whether penalty clauses are unfair – Criteria. Case C-738/19. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 4 July 2024. Caixabank SA and Others v Asociación de Usuarios de Bancos, Cajas de Ahorro y Seguros de España (Adicae) and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Mortgage loan agreements – Clauses limiting the variation of the interest rates – ‘Floor’ clauses – Collective action seeking an order to cease and desist from using those clauses and reimbursement of the payments made in that respect, involving a significant number of sellers or suppliers and consumers – Plain and intelligible nature of those clauses – Concept of the ‘average consumer who is reasonably well informed and reasonably observant and circumspect’. Case C-450/22. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 5 September 2024. Novo Banco SA - Sucursal en España and Others v C.F.O. and Others. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Reorganisation and winding up of credit institutions – Directive 2001/24/EC – Articles 3 and 6 – Reorganisation measure taken in respect of a credit institution – Transfer of the obligations and responsibilities of that credit institution to a ‘bridge bank’ prior to the bringing of a legal action seeking payment of a claim held against that credit institution – Transfer back to the same credit institution of certain of those obligations and responsibilities – Law of the Member State where the proceedings concerned were brought (lex concursus) – Effects of a reorganisation measure in other Member States – Mutual recognition – Effects of a failure to comply with the obligation to publish the reorganisation measure – Articles 17, 21, 38 and 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Right to property – Effective judicial protection – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EC – Article 6(1) – Unfair terms – Principles of legal certainty and the protection of legitimate expectations – Whether the ‘bridge bank’ can be sued. Joined Cases C-498/22 to C-500/22. Order of the Court (First Chamber) of 16 July 2015. Juan Carlos Sánchez Morcillo and María del Carmen Abril García v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Castellón. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 7 — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Articles 7 and 47 — Consumer contracts — Mortgage loan contract — Unfair terms — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Right of appeal. Case C-539/14. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 22 September 2022. Vicente v Delia. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Sevilla. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices – Principle of effectiveness – Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Summary procedure for the recovery of lawyers’ fees – Potentially unfair terms contained in a fee agreement – National law not providing for the possibility of review by a court – Article 4(2) – Scope of the exception – Directive 2005/29/EC – Article 7 – Misleading commercial practice – Contract concluded between lawyer and client prohibiting the client from withdrawing, without the knowledge or against the advice of the lawyer, on pain of a financial penalty. Case C-335/21. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 10 June 2021. BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA v VE. Request for a preliminary ruling from the tribunal d’instance de Lagny-sur-Marne. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan agreement denominated in a foreign currency (Swiss francs) – Article 4(2) – Main subject matter of the contract – Terms exposing the borrower to a foreign exchange risk – Requirements of intelligibility and transparency – Article 3(1) – Significant imbalance – Article 5 – Contractual term that is in plain, intelligible language. Case C-609/19. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 9 November 2023. SP and CI v Všeobecná úverová banka a.s. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Consumer credit contract – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 1(2) – Term reflecting a mandatory statutory provision – Article 3(1), Article 4(1), Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Acceleration clause – Judicial review – Proportionality with regard to the consumer breaches of contract – Articles 7 and 38 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Contract secured by a charge on immovable property – Extrajudicial sale of the consumer’s home. Case C-598/21. Order of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 19 November 2015. Dumitru Tarcău and Ileana Tarcău v Banca Comercială Intesa Sanpaolo România SA and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Oradea. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 1(1) and Article 2(b) — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Contracts of guarantee or providing security concluded with a credit institution by natural persons acting for purposes outside their trade, business or profession and not having any link of a functional nature with the commercial company in respect of which they act as guarantors or sureties. Case C-74/15. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 4 May 2023. TU and SU v BRD Groupe Societé Générale SA and Next Capital Solutions Limited. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Bucureşti. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Enforcement proceedings in respect of a loan agreement constituting an enforceable instrument – Objection to the enforcement – Review of unfair terms – Principle of effectiveness – National legislation not permitting the court hearing the enforcement proceedings to review the possible unfairness of a clause beyond the time limit imposed on a consumer for lodging an objection – Existence of an action under ordinary law that cannot become time-barred enabling the court hearing the substance of the case to carry out such a review and to order suspension of the enforcement – Conditions which do not render impossible in practice or excessively difficult the exercise of rights conferred by EU law – Requirement for the consumer to pay a security in order to suspend the enforcement proceedings. Case C-200/21. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 23 April 2015. Jean-Claude Van Hove v CNP Assurances SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Nîmes. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Insurance contract — Article 4(2) — Assessment of the unfairness of contractual terms — Exclusion of terms relating to the main subject-matter of the contract — Term intended to ensure that mortgage loan repayments are covered — Borrower’s total incapacity for work — Exclusion from cover in the event of recognised fitness to undertake an activity, paid or otherwise. Case C-96/14. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 10 June 2021. VB and Others v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA and AV and Others v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA and Procureur de la République. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the tribunal de grande instance de Paris. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan agreements denominated in a foreign currency (Swiss francs) – Limitation – Article 4(2) – Main subject matter of the contract – Terms exposing the borrower to a foreign exchange risk – Requirements of intelligibility and transparency – Burden of proof – Article 3(1) – Significant imbalance – Article 5 – Contractual term that is in plain, intelligible language – Principle of effectiveness. Joined Cases C-776/19 to C-782/19. Order of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 8 July 2015. Banco Grupo Cajatres SA v María Mercedes Manjón Pinilla and Comunidad Hereditaria formada al fallecimiento de D. M. A. Viana Gordejuela. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción n° 1 de Miranda de Ebro. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Contract entered into between a seller or a supplier and a consumer — Mortgage contract — Default interest clause — Early repayment clause — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — Moderation of the amount of interest — Powers of the national court. Case C-90/14. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber), 30 April 2014. Árpád Kásler and Hajnalka Káslerné Rábai v OTP Jelzálogbank Zrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Kúria. Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in a contract concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer — Articles 4(2) and 6(1) — Assessment of the unfairness of the contractual terms — Exclusion of terms relating to the main subject matter of the contract or the adequacy of the price and the remuneration provided they are drafted in plain intelligible language — Consumer credit contracts denominated in foreign currency — Terms relating to the exchange rate — Difference between the buying rate of exchange applicable to the advance of the loan and the selling rate of exchange applicable to its repayment — Powers of the national court when dealing with a term considered to be unfair — Substitution of the unfair term by a supplementary provision of national law — Whether lawful. Case C‑26/13. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 7 December 2023. SM and Others v mBank S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy - Śródmieścia w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Effects of a finding that a term is unfair – Mortgage loan agreement indexed to a foreign currency containing unfair terms concerning the exchange rate – Nullity of that contract – Claims for restitution – Statutory interest – Limitation period. Case C-140/22. Order of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 7 December 2017. Woonhaven Antwerpen BV CVBA v Khalid Berkani and Asmae Hajji. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vredegerecht te Antwerpen. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Unfair terms — Rental contract concluded between a recognised social housing association and a tenant — Model rental contract made binding by an act of national legislation — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 1(2) — Inapplicability of that directive. Case C-446/17. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 5 May 2022. A.H. v Zagrebačka banka d.d. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Općinski građanski sud u Zagrebu. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Unfair terms – Directive 93/13/EEC – Applicability ratione temporis – Article 10(1) – Loan agreement concluded prior to Member State’s accession to the EU but amended after that date – Article 6 – Reimbursement of benefits improperly obtained by the seller or supplier – National legislation providing for the replacement of unfair terms and reimbursement of the overpayment – Applicability ratione materiae – Article 1(2) – Exclusion of contractual terms which reflect mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions. Case C-567/20. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 21 March 2013. RWE Vertrieb AG v Verbraucherzentrale Nordrhein-Westfalen eV. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Bundesgerichtshof. Directive 2003/55/EC — Internal market in natural gas — Directive 93/13/EEC — Articles 1(2) and 3 to 5 — Contracts between suppliers and consumers — General conditions — Unfair terms — Unilateral alteration by the supplier of the price of the service — Reference to mandatory legislation designed for another category of consumers — Applicability of Directive 93/13 — Obligation of use of plain and intelligible language and transparency. Case C‑92/11. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 3 April 2019. Aqua Med sp. z o.o.v Irena Skóra. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Poznaniu. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Article 1(2) — Scope of the directive — Contractual term conferring territorial jurisdiction on the court determined pursuant to the general rules — Article 6(1) — Review of unfairness of the court’s own motion — Article 7(1) — Obligations and powers of the national court. Case C-266/18. Case C-243/08: Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 4 June 2009 (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Budaörsi Városi Bíróság (Hungary)) — Pannon GSM Zrt v Erzsébet Sustikné Győrfi (Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Legal effects of an unfair term — Power of and obligation on the national court to examine of its own motion the unfairness of a term conferring jurisdiction — Criteria for assessment) {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 6.1 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 6.1 {AR|http://publications.europa.eu/resource/authority/fd_370/AR} 6.1 undefined Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 17 May 2022. MA v Ibercaja Banco, SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Zaragoza. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Principle of equivalence – Principle of effectiveness – Mortgage enforcement proceedings – Unfairness of the term setting the nominal rate for default interest, and of the advanced repayment term in the loan agreement – Force of res judicata and time-barring – Loss of the possibility of relying on the unfairness of a contractual term before a court – Power of review by the national court of its own motion. Case C-600/19. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 21 March 2024. S.R.G. v Profi Credit Bulgaria EOOD. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Consumer credit agreements – Directive 2008/48/EC – Article 3(g), Article 10(2)(g) and Article 23 – Total cost of the credit to the consumer – No indication of the relevant costs – Penalty – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 3(1), Article 4(2), Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Point 1(o) of the annex to Directive 93/13/EEC – Services ancillary to a credit agreement – Terms giving priority to the examination of the credit application of a consumer purchasing those services and to the making available of the sum borrowed as well as providing that consumer with the option of deferring or rescheduling the monthly loan instalments, in return for payment of additional costs. Case C-714/22. Judgment of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 18 November 2021. M.P. and B.P. v „A.” prowadzący działalność za pośrednictwem „A.” S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan agreement indexed to a foreign currency – Contractual term relating to the buying and selling rates of a foreign currency – Requirement of intelligibility and transparency – Powers of the national court. Case C-212/20. undefined Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 29 February 2024. Investcapital Ltd v G.H.R. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de León. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Principle of effectiveness of EU law – Revolving credit agreement – Order for payment procedure – Review of the court’s own motion of whether contractual terms are unfair in the course of that procedure – Enforcement of the procedural decision terminating that procedure – Loss, due to a time-bar, of the possibility of raising the unfairness of a contractual term at the stage of enforcement of the order for payment – Power of review of the national court. Case C-724/22. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 7 November 2019. Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (NMBS) v Mbutuku Kanyeba and Others. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Vredegerecht te Antwerpen. References for a preliminary ruling — Rail transport — Passengers’ rights and obligations — Regulation (EC) No 1371/2007 — Article 3(8) — Transport contract — Concept — Passenger without a ticket at the time of boarding a train — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 1(2) and Article 6(1) — General conditions of carriage of a railway undertaking — Mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions — Penalty clause — Powers of the national court. Joined Cases C-349/18 to C-351/18. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 9 November 2010. VB Pénzügyi Lízing Zrt. v Ferenc Schneider. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Budapesti II. és III. kerületi bíróság - Hungary. Directive 93/13/EEC - Unfair terms in consumer contracts - Criteria for assessment - Examination by the national court of its own motion of the unfairness of a term conferring jurisdiction - Article 23 of the Statute of the Court of Justice. Case C-137/08. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 3 October 2019. Gyula Kiss and CIB Bank Zrt. v Emil Kiss and Gyuláné Kiss. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Kúria. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 3(1) – Assessment of the unfair nature of contractual terms – Article 4(2) – Article 5 – Requirement that contractual terms be drafted in plain and intelligible language – Terms requiring the payment of costs for unspecified services. Case C-621/17. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 28 July 2016. Milena Tomášová v Slovenská republika - Ministerstvo spravodlivosti SR and Pohotovosť s.r.o. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Okresný súd Prešov. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Credit agreement containing an unfair term — Enforcement of an arbitration award in accordance with that term — Member State liability for damage caused to individuals by breaches of EU law attributable to a national court — Conditions of engagement — Existence of a sufficiently serious breach of EU law. Case C-168/15. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 9 July 2020. SC Raiffeisen Bank SA and BRD Groupe Societé Générale SA v JB and KC. Requests for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureş. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Personal loan agreement — Contract performed in full — Finding that contractual terms are unfair — Action for reimbursement of sums unduly paid on the basis of an unfair clause — Judicial arrangements — Ordinary legal action not subject to any limitation period — Ordinary legal action of a personal and pecuniary nature subject to a limitation period– Point from which the limitation period starts to run — Objective point in time at which the consumer knows of the existence of the unfair term. Joined Cases C-698/18 and C-699/18. Order of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 21 June 2016. Aktiv Kapital Portfolio AS, Oslo, succursale à Zug, formerly Aktiv Kapital Portfolio Invesment v Angel Luis Egea Torregrosa. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Cartagena. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Order for payment procedure — Enforcement proceedings –– Powers of the national court responsible for enforcement to raise of its own motion the fact that the unfair term is invalid –– Principle of effectiveness –– Principle of res judicata). Case C-122/14. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 29 March 2022. BN and Others v Getin Noble Bank S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Najwyższy. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Admissibility – Article 267 TFEU – Concept of court – Article 19(1) TEU – Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Rule of law – Effective judicial protection – Principle of judicial independence – Tribunal previously established by law – Judicial body, a member of which was appointed for the first time to the position of judge by a political body within the executive branch of an undemocratic regime – Way in which the Krajowa Rada Sądownictwa (National Council of the Judiciary, Poland) operates – Unconstitutionality of the law on the basis of which that council was composed – Possibility of regarding that body as an impartial and independent court or tribunal within the meaning of EU law. Case C-132/20. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 3 September 2024. Investcapital Ltd v TK. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecătoria Sectorului 3 Bucureşti. Case C-658/23. Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 20 September 2018. EOS KSI Slovensko s.r.o. v Ján Danko and Margita Danková. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer credit agreement — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Article 4(2) and Article 5 — Obligation to draft terms in plain intelligible language — Article 7 — Actions brought before the courts by persons or organisations having a legitimate interest in protecting consumers against the use of unfair terms — National law making the possibility for a consumer protection association to intervene in the proceedings subject to the consumer’s consent — Consumer credit — Directive 87/102/EEC — Article 4(2) — Obligation to indicate the annual percentage rate in the written agreement — Agreement containing only a mathematical formula for calculating the annual percentage rate without the information necessary to make that calculation. Case C-448/17. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 3 March 2020. Marc Gómez del Moral Guasch v Bankia SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia °n 38 de Barcelona. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Mortgage loan agreement — Variable interest rate — Reference index based on mortgage loans granted by savings banks — Index arising from a regulatory or administrative provision — Unilateral introduction of the term by the seller or supplier — Review of the transparency requirement by the national court — Consequences of a finding that the term is unfair. Case C-125/18. A06P1 A01P2 A08 A05 A07P1 A04P2 Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 11 November 2020. DenizBank AG v Verein für Konsumenteninformation. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive (EU) 2015/2366 – Payment services in the internal market – Article 4(14) – Concept of ‘payment instrument’ – Personalised multifunctional bank cards – Near-field communication (NFC) functionality – Article 52(6)(a) and Article 54(1) – Information to be provided to users – Change in the conditions of a framework contract – Tacit consent – Article 63(1)(a) and (b) – Rights and obligations related to payment services – Derogation for low-value payment instruments – Conditions under which applicable – Payment instrument that does not allow its blocking – Payment instrument used anonymously – Limitation of the temporal effects of the judgment. Case C-287/19. Case C-137/08: Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 9 November 2010 (reference for a preliminary ruling from the Budapesti II. és III. Kerületi Bíróság — Republic of Hungary) — VB Pénzügyi Lízing Zrt. v Ferenc Schneider (Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Criteria for assessment — Examination by the national court of its own motion of the unfairness of a term conferring jurisdiction — Article 23 of the Statute of the Court of Justice) Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 2 July 2020. IM v Sting Reality s.r.o. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Okresný súd Poprad. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 53(2) and Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Consumer protection – Directive 2005/29/EC – Unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices – Articles 8 and 9 – Aggressive commercial practices – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Term which has been individually negotiated – Powers of the national court. Case C-853/19. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 30 May 2013. Erika Jőrös v Aegon Magyarország Hitel Zrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Bíróság. Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Examination by the national court, of its own motion, as to whether a contractual term is unfair — Consequences to be drawn by the national court from a finding that the term is unfair. Case C‑397/11. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 20 September 2018. OTP Bank Nyrt. and OTP Faktoring Követeléskezelő Zrt v Teréz Ilyés and Emil Kiss. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Ítélőtábla. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Unfair terms — Directive 93/13/EEC — Scope — Article 1(2) — Mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions — Article 3(1) — Concept of ‘contractual term which has not been individually negotiated’ — Term incorporated in the contract after its conclusion following the intervention of the national legislature — Article 4(2) — Plain and intelligible drafting of a term — Article 6(1) — Examination by the national court of its own motion as to whether a term is unfair — Loan contract denominated in a foreign currency concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer. Case C-51/17. A07P1 A06P1 A01P2 A04 A03P1 A04P2 undefined undefined Case C-40/08: Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 6 October 2009 (Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 4 de Bilbao — Spain) — Asturcom Telecomunicaciones SL v Cristina Rodríguez Nogueira (Directive 93/13/EEC — Consumer contracts — Unfair arbitration clause — Measure void — Arbitration award which has become final — Enforcement — Whether the national court responsible for enforcement can consider of its own motion whether the unfair arbitration clause is null and void — Principles of equivalence and effectiveness) Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 29 October 2015. BBVA SA v Pedro Peñalva López and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n° 4 de Martorell. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Mortgage loan agreement — Unfair terms — Enforcement proceedings — Opposition — Time limits. Case C-8/14. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 8 December 2022. QE v Caisse régionale de Crédit mutuel de Loire-Atlantique et du Centre Ouest. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Cour de cassation. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 3(1) – Article 4 – Criteria for assessing whether a term is unfair – Term relating to the accelerated repayment of a loan agreement – Contractual dispensation from the requirement for a formal written demand. Case C-600/21. Judgment of the Court (Sixth Chamber), 30 April 2014. Barclays Bank SA v Sara Sánchez García and Alejandro Chacón Barrera. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 4 de Palma de Mallorca. Request for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Thirteenth recital in the preamble — Article 1(2) — Consumer contracts — Mortgage loan agreement — Mortgage enforcement proceedings — National statutory and regulatory provisions — Contractual balance. Case C‑280/13. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 3 June 2010. Caja de Ahorros y Monte de Piedad de Madrid v Asociación de Usuarios de Servicios Bancarios (Ausbanc). Reference for a preliminary ruling: Tribunal Supremo - Spain. Directive 93/13/EEC - Consumer contracts - Terms defining the main subject-matter of the contract - Assessment by the courts as to their unfairness - Excluded - More stringent national provisions designed to afford a higher level of consumer protection. Case C-484/08. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 30 May 2013. Dirk Frederik Asbeek Brusse and Katarina de Man Garabito v Jahani BV. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam. Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Residential tenancy agreement between a landlord acting on a commercial basis and a tenant acting on a non-commercial basis — Examination by the national court, of its own motion, as to whether a contractual term is unfair — Penalty clause — Annulment of the clause. Case C‑488/11. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 23 November 2023. ZL and Others v Provident Polska S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy - Śródmieścia w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Consumer credit agreement – Article 3(1) – Significant imbalance – Non-interest credit costs – Article 7(1) – Action for a declaratory judgment – Interest in bringing proceedings – Article 6(1) – Finding that a term is unfair – Consequences. Case C-321/22. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 3 May 2024. KCB and MB v BNP Paribas Bank Polska S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie. Case C-348/23. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 11 December 2023. Bank Millennium S.A. v ES and AS. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Questions the answer to which may be clearly deduced from the Court’s existing case-law – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Mortgage loan agreement indexed to a foreign currency – Effects of the annulment of that agreement in its entirety. Case C-756/22. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 22 November 2001. Cape Snc v Idealservice Srl (C-541/99) and Idealservice MN RE Sas v OMAI Srl (C-542/99). Reference for a preliminary ruling: Giudice di pace di Viadana - Italy. Article 2(b) of Directive 93/13/EEC - Meaning of 'consumer - Undertaking concluding a standard contract with another undertaking to acquire merchandise or services solely for the benefit of its employees. Joined cases C-541/99 and C-542/99. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 15 June 2023. Arkadiusz Szcześniak v Bank M. SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy - Śródmieścia w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Mortgage loan indexed to a foreign currency – Conversion clauses – Determination of the exchange rate between that foreign currency and the national currency – Effects of a finding that a clause is unfair – Effects of the annulment of a contract in its entirety – Possibility of asserting claims that go beyond the reimbursement of the amounts agreed in the contract and the payment of default interest – Damage incurred by the consumer – Unavailability of the amount of the monthly instalments paid to the bank – Damage incurred by the bank – Unavailability of the amount of the capital paid to the consumer – Deterrent effect of the prohibition on unfair terms – Effective protection of the consumer – Judicial interpretation of national legislation. Case C-520/21. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 22 February 2018. ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt v Orsolya Czakó. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Articles 4(2), 5 and 6(1) — Terms defining the main subject matter of the contract — Loan agreement denominated in a foreign currency — Scope of the term ‘drafted in plain, intelligible language’ — Partial or total invalidity of the contract. Case C-126/17. Judgment of the Court (Grand Chamber) of 17 May 2022. IO v Impuls Leasing România IFN SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecătoria Sector 2 Bucureşti. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Principle of equivalence – Principle of effectiveness – Enforcement proceedings in respect of a leasing contract constituting an enforceable instrument – Objection to enforcement – National legislation not allowing the court hearing that objection to determine whether the terms of an enforceable instrument are unfair – Power of the court hearing the enforcement proceedings to examine of its own motion whether a term is unfair – Existence of an action under ordinary law allowing the review of whether those terms were unfair – Requirement of a security in order to suspend the enforcement proceedings. Case C-725/19. Order of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 30 November 2017. IJDF Italy Srl v Violeta Fernando Dionisio and Alex Del Rosario Fernando. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Torino. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer contracts — Directive 93/13/EEC — National legislation which permits the main debtor and the guarantor to be brought together before the same court — Derogation from the rules establishing the domicile of the consumer — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court. Case C-344/17. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 14 December 2023. TL and WE v Liquidator of Getin Noble Bank S.A., formerly Getin Noble Bank S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Effects of a finding that a term is unfair – Mortgage loan agreement indexed to a foreign currency containing unfair terms concerning the exchange rate – Nullity of that contract – Claims for restitution – Limitation period. Case C-28/22. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 12 January 2024. mBank S.A. v KŁ and JŁ. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Questions the answer to which may be clearly deduced from the Court’s existing case-law – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 6(1) and Article 7(1) – Mortgage loan agreement indexed to a foreign currency – Effects of the annulment of that agreement in its entirety – Judicial adjustment of the payment corresponding to the capital made available. Case C-488/23. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 22 September 2022. Zulima v Servicios prescriptor y medios de pagos EFC SAU. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Revolving credit agreement – Unfairness of the term relating to the rate of remunerative interest – Action brought by a consumer for a declaration that that agreement is void – Satisfaction of that consumer’s claims out of court – Costs incurred having to be borne by the consumer – Principle of effectiveness – National legislation capable of dissuading the consumer from exercising the rights conferred by Directive 93/13/EEC. Case C-215/21. Order of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 27 April 2017. Michael Tibor Bachman v FAER IFN SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureș. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Article 2(b) — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Notion of ‘consumer’ — Natural person having concluded an agreement for novation with a credit institution in order to meet repayment obligations to that institution in respect of credit obtained by a commercial company. Case C-535/16. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 6 October 2009. Asturcom Telecomunicaciones SL v Cristina Rodríguez Nogueira. Reference for a preliminary ruling: Juzgado de Primera Instancia nº 4 de Bilbao - Spain. Directive 93/13/EEC - Consumer contracts - Unfair arbitration clause - Measure void - Arbitration award which has become final - Enforcement -Whether the national court responsible for enforcement can consider of its own motion whether the unfair arbitration clause is null and void - Principles of equivalence and effectiveness. Case C-40/08. Judgment of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 6 July 2023. FS and WU v First Bank SA. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Scope – Article 1(2) – Exclusion of contractual terms reflecting mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions – Credit agreement denominated in a foreign currency – Terms relating to the exchange rate risk – Presumption of knowledge of the law. Case C-593/22. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 26 February 2015. Bogdan Matei and Ioana Ofelia Matei v SC Volksbank România SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Cluj. Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in contracts concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer — Article 4(2) — Assessment of the unfairness of contractual terms — Exclusion of terms relating to the main subject-matter of the contract or the adequacy of the price and remuneration as long as they are in plain intelligible language — Terms including a ‘risk charge’ charged by the lender and authorising it, under certain conditions, unilaterally to alter the interest rate. Case C-143/13. Judgment of the Court (Fourth Chamber) of 16 March 2023. Caixabank SA v X. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Articles 3, 4 and 5 – Consumer contracts – Mortgage loans – Unfair contract terms – Term concerning loan arrangement fees – Application seeking a declaration of invalidity of that term and reimbursement of the amount paid on that basis – Plainness and intelligibility of the terms – Existence of specific national legislation. Case C-565/21. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 21 December 2016. Biuro podróży 'Partner' Sp. z o.o, Sp. komandytowa w Dąbrowie Górniczej v Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Apelacyjny w Warszawie. References for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Directive 2009/22/EC — Consumer protection — Erga omnes effect of unfair terms entered in a public register — Financial penalty imposed on a seller or supplier having used a term held to be equivalent to a term in the register — Seller or supplier who was not a party to the proceedings giving rise to the declaration that the term in question was unfair — Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Concept of ‘court or tribunal against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law’. Case C-119/15. Judgment of the Court (Fifth Chamber) of 17 May 2018. Karel de Grote – Hogeschool Katholieke Hogeschool Antwerpen VZW v Susan Romy Jozef Kuijpers. Request for a preliminary ruling from the vredegerecht te Antwerpen. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts concluded between a seller or supplier and a consumer — Examination by the national court of its own motion of the question of whether the contract is within the scope of that directive — Article 2(c) — Notion of ‘seller or supplier’ — Higher educational establishment financed mainly by public funds — Contract for an interest-free repayment plan for registration fees and share of costs of a study trip. Case C-147/16. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber), 15 March 2012. Jana Pereničová and Vladislav Perenič v SOS financ spol. s r. o. Reference for a preliminary ruling from the Okresný súd Prešov. Consumer protection — Consumer credit agreement — Incorrect statement of annual percentage rate of charge — Effect of unfair commercial practices and unfair terms on the validity of the contract as a whole. Case C-453/10. Judgment of the Court (Second Chamber) of 13 September 2018. Profi Credit Polska S.A. w Bielsku Białej v Mariusz Wawrzosek. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy w Siemianowicach Śląskich I Wydział Cywilny. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Directive 2008/48/EC — Order for payment procedure founded on a promissory note that secures the obligations arising from a consumer credit agreement. Case C-176/17. Order of the Court (First Chamber) of 3 July 2019. Bankia SA v Henry-Rodolfo Rengifo Jiménez and Sheyla-Jeanneth Felix Caiza. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Fuenlabrada. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Articles 6 and 7 — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Accelerated repayment clause of a mortgage loan contract — Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Question identical to a question on which the Court has already ruled or where the reply to such a question may be clearly deduced from existing case-law — Declaration that the clause is unfair in part — Powers of the national court when dealing with a term regarded as ‘unfair’ — Replacement of the unfair term with a provision of national law — Article 53(2) of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice — Question manifestly inadmissible. Case C-92/16. Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 15 June 2023. YQ and RJ v Getin Noble Bank S.A. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Mortgage loan indexed to a foreign currency – Article 6(1) – Article 7(1) – Application for interim measures – Suspension of performance of the loan agreement – Ensuring full effectiveness of the restitutory effect. Case C-287/22. undefined Judgment of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 25 April 2024. GP and BG v Banco Santander, SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan contract – Term stipulating that costs relating to the contract are to be paid by the consumer – Final judicial decision finding that term unfair and declaring it void – Action for restitution of the sums paid pursuant to the unfair term – Point from which the limitation period for the action for restitution starts to run. Case C-561/21. Order of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 14 April 2021. XU and Others v SC Credit Europe Ipotecar IFN SA and Credit Europe Bank NV. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Galaţi. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Consumer protection – Unfair terms – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 1(2) – Exclusion from the scope of that directive of contractual terms which reflect mandatory provisions of national law – Article 4(2) – Exception to the assessment of whether a term is unfair – Credit agreement denominated in a foreign currency – Alleged infringement of the obligation of information borne by a seller or supplier – Examination to be carried out by the national court as a matter of priority in the light of Article 1(2). Case C-364/19. Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 2 April 2020. Condominio di Milano, via Meda v Eurothermo SpA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Milano. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Article 1(1) — Article 2(b) — Definition of ‘consumer’ — Commonhold of a building. Case C-329/19. Order of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 8 November 2023. Investcapital Ltd v XF and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureş. Case C-177/23. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 17 January 2023. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 53(2) and Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court of Justice – Consumer credit – Directive 93/13/EEC – Article 6(1) – Unfair terms – Refusal to issue an immediate order for payment in the event of a claim based on an unfair term – Consequences relating to the unfairness of a contractual term – Directions from a higher court not observing those consequences. Case C-379/21. Order of the Court (Ninth Chamber) of 17 November 2021. Marc Gómez del Moral Guasch v Bankia SA. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n° 38 de Barcelona. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Mortgage loan agreement – Variable interest rate – Mortgage loan reference index (IRPH) – Review of transparency by the national court – Assessment of the unfair nature of contractual terms – Consequences of a declaration of nullity – Judgment of 3 March 2020, Gómez del Moral Guasch (C‑125/18, EU:C:2020:138) – New questions. Case C-655/20. Judgment of the Court of 27 June 2000. Océano Grupo Editorial SA v Roció Murciano Quintero (C-240/98) and Salvat Editores SA v José M. Sánchez Alcón Prades (C-241/98), José Luis Copano Badillo (C-242/98), Mohammed Berroane (C-243/98) and Emilio Viñas Feliú (C-244/98). Reference for a preliminary ruling: Juzgado de Primera Instancia nº 35 de Barcelona - Spain. Directive 93/13/EEC - Unfair terms in consumer contracts - Jurisdiction clause - Power of the national court to examine of its own motion whether that clause is unfair. Joined cases C-240/98 to C-244/98. Judgment of the Court (Third Chamber) of 19 September 2019. Ottília Lovasné Tóth v ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Ítélőtábla. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Consumer protection — Directive 93/13/CEE — Unfair terms in consumer contracts — Article 3(1) and (3) — Annex to Directive 93/13/EEC — Point 1(m) and (q) — Loan agreement secured by a mortgage — Notarial instrument — Affixation of the enforcement clause by a notary — Reversal of the burden of proof — Article 5(1) — Plain and intelligible drafting. Case C-34/18. NPT1LQ A05 A03P3 A03P3 NPT1LM Order of the Court (Sixth Chamber) of 26 November 2020. Proceedings brought by „DSK Bank“ EAD and „FrontEx International“ EAD. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 99 of the Rules of Procedure – Consumer protection – Directive 93/13/EEC – Articles 3 and 6 to 8 – Directive 2008/48/EC – Article 22 – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Examination by the national court of its own motion – National order for payment procedure. Case C-807/19. A06P1 A08 A07 A03 A06 A07P1 Order of the Court (Eighth Chamber) of 24 March 2022. BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA v AN and CN. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Rodez. Case C-82/20. Order of the Court (Seventh Chamber) of 4 February 2021. CDT, SA v MIMR and HRMM. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona. Case C-321/20. [object Object] [object Object] Case C-582/23, Wiszkier: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Łodzi-Śródmieścia w Łodzi (Poland) lodged on 20 September 2023 — R.S. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-307/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Alicante (Spain) lodged on 25 June 2015 — Ana María Palacios Martínez v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. Case C-853/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Okresný súd Poprad (Slovakia) lodged on 22 November 2019 — IM v Sting Reality s.r.o. Case C-139/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 25 February 2022 — AM and PM v mBank S.A. article 4 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 article 8 article 6 article 3 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 2 Case C-494/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 27 July 2018 — Bondora AS v XY article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-208/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 23 March 2021 — K.D. v Towarzystwo Ubezpieczeń Ż S.A. Case C-779/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy w Siemianowicach Śląskich (Poland) lodged on 12 December 2018 — Mikrokasa SA, Gdynia, and Revenue Niestandaryzowany Sekurytyzacyjny Fundusz Inwestycyjny Zamknięty, Warsaw v XO article 3 article 7 paragraph 1 article 1 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-598/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove (Slovakia) lodged on 28 September 2021 — SP, CI v Všeobecná úverová banka, a.s. Case C-268/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 16 June 2020 — XV v Cajamar Caja Rural S.C.C. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-831/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Milano (Italy) lodged on 14 November 2019 — Banco di Desio e della Brianza SpA and Others v YX, ZW Case C-147/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vredegerecht te Antwerpen (Belgium) lodged on 14 March 2016 — Karel de Grote — Hogeschool Katholieke Hogeschool Antwerpen VZW v Susan Romy Jozef Kuijpers Case C-503/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Secretario Judicial of the Juzgado de Violencia sobre la Mujer de Terrassa (Spain) lodged on 23 September 2015 — Ramón Margarit Panicello v Pilar Hernández Martínez article 7 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (q) Case C-352/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Reus (Spain) lodged on 30 May 2018 — Jaime Cardus Suarez v Catalunya Caixa S.A. article 4 paragraph 2 article 6 article 1 paragraph 2 Case C-200/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul București (Romania) lodged on 31 March 2021 — TU and SU v BRD Groupe Société Générale S.A. and Next Capital Solutions Limited Case C-699/23: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 8 de Donostia – San Sebastián (Spain) lodged on 16 November 2023 – FG v Caja Rural de Navarra, SCC article 7 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-365/23, Arce: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Augstākā tiesa (Senāts) (Latvia) lodged on 9 June 2023 — SIA A v C, D, E article 8a article 8 article 5 article 4 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 3 Case C-625/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria) lodged on 8 October 2021 — VB v GUPFINGER Einrichtungsstudio GmbH article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-167/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 2 de Santander (Spain) lodged on 23 March 2016 — Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. v Fernando Quintano Ujeta and María Isabel Sánchez García article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-232/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Almería (Spain) lodged on 29 March 2018 — Banco Popular Español, S.A. v María Angeles Díaz Soria, Miguel Ángel Góngora Gómez, José Antonio Sánchez González and Dolores María del Águila Andújar article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-500/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Cluj (Romania) lodged on 30 July 2018 — AU v Reliantco Investments LTD, Reliantco Investments LTD Limassol Sucursala București Case C-632/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy w Siemianowicach Śląskich (Poland) lodged on 9 November 2017 — Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności (PKO) Bank Polski S.A. v Jacek Michalski article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-294/24, Zadzhova: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Rayonen sad Burgas (Bulgaria) lodged on 24 April 2024 – Vodosnabdyavane i kanalizatsia EAD v ED Case C-489/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 6 August 2021 — Banka DSK EAD v M. V. annex point 1 point (e) article 3 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (f) article 5 Case C-301/23, Bank BPH: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 10 May 2023 — AJ v Bank BPH S.A. article 4 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 article 5 article 3 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-426/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Social n.° 2 de Terrassa (Spain) lodged on 14 July 2017 — Elena Barba Giménez v Francisca Carrión Lozano Case C-232/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budai Központi Kerületi Bíróság (Hungary) lodged on 4 May 2017 — VE v WD article 4 paragraph 2 recital 20 article 5 Case C-379/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 17 June 2021 — TBI Bank EAD Case C-6/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 4 January 2022 — M.B., U.B., M.B. v X S.A. Case C-469/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Amtsgericht Nürnberg (Germany) lodged on 29 September 2020 — RightNow GmbH v Wizz Air Case C-197/24, Šiľarský: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Mestský súd Bratislava IV (Slovakia) lodged on 12 March 2024 – AK v RU article 8 article 2 point (b) Case C-395/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas (Lithuania) lodged on 28 June 2021 — D. V. v M. A. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-259/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budai Központi Kerületi Bíróság (Hungary) lodged on 16 May 2017 — Zoltán Rózsavölgyi and Zoltánné Rózsavölgyi v Unicredit Leasing Hungary Zrt. and Unicredit Leasing Immo Truck Zrt. annex paragraph 1 point (i) article 6 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 annex paragraph 2 point (c) article 3 paragraph 3 article 5 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-554/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Cantabria (Spain) lodged on 27 October 2015 — Lucas Jerónimo García Almodovar and Catalina Molina Moreno v Banco de Caja España de Inversiones, Salamanca y Soria, S.A.U. Case C-527/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción No 6 de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 9 July 2019 — HG and IH v Bankia, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-71/24, Alior Bank: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Krakowie (Poland) lodged on 30 January 2024 – Alior Bank S.A. v J.D. article 5 article 3 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 1 Case C-523/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción No 6 de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 9 July 2019 — ED v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-39/24: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 6 de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 15 January 2024 – Justa v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA Case C-566/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj (Romania) lodged on 14 September 2021 — AA v Banca S Case C-522/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción No 6 de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 9 July 2019 — DC v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-31/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Alicante (Spain) lodged on 22 January 2020 — Bankia, S.A. v SI Case C-455/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Olt (Romania) lodged on 23 July 2021 — OZ v Lyoness Europe AG Case C-738/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Rechtbank Amsterdam (Netherlands) lodged on 7 October 2019 — A v B, C Case C-717/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy w Siemianowicach Śląskich (Poland) lodged on 26 November 2021 — Provident Polska S.A. v VF article 4 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-525/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Álava (Spain) lodged on 5 October 2015 — Laboral Kutxa v Esmeralda Martínez Quesada Case C-81/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj (Romania) lodged on 1 February 2019 — NG, OH v SC Banca Transilvania SA Case C-300/23, Kutxabank: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 8 de Donostia — San Sebastián (Spain) lodged on 10 May 2023 — NB v Kutxabank, SA article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 5 Case C-234/23, Astoria Management: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Rayonen sad Nessebar (Bulgaria) lodged on 13 April 2023 — ‘Astoria Management’ OOD v CW Case C-173/23, Eventmedia Soluciones: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil n.° 1 de Palma de Mallorca (Spain) lodged on 20 March 2023 — Eventmedia Soluciones SL v Air Europa Líneas Aéreas SAU article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-750/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Rechtbank Amsterdam (Netherlands) lodged on 3 December 2018 — A, B v C Case C-231/23, Eurobank Bulgaria: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 12 April 2023 — ‘Eurobank Bulgaria’ AD article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-400/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Dolj (Romania) lodged on 30 June 2017 — Mihaela Iuliana Scripnic, Radu Constantin Scripnic, Alexandru Gheorghița, Vasilica Gheorghița v SC Bancpost SA, SC Bancpost SA — Dolj branch article 3 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 Case C-567/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Općinski građanski sud u Zagrebu (Croatia) lodged on 29 October 2020 — A. H. v Zagrebačka banka d.d. Case C-749/23, Innogy Energie: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Okresní soud v Teplicích (Czech Republic) lodged on 20 November 2023 — innogy Energie, s.r.o. v QS annex paragraph 1 point (e) article 7 article 3 article 5 Case C-628/23, Axa Bank Europe and Others: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budapest Környéki Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 16 October 2023 — YG and NI v AXA Bank Europe SA and Others Case C-471/24, PKO BP: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Częstochowie (Poland) lodged on 3 July 2024 – J.J. v PKO BP S.A. article 3 paragraph 1 article 2 article 4 paragraph 2 article 1 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 2 sentence 2 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-630/23, AxFina Hungary: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Kúria (Hungary) lodged on 17 October 2023 — ZH and KN v AxFina Hungary Zrt. article 7 paragraph 1 article 1 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-119/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Apelacyjny w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 9 March 2015 — Biuro podróży ‘Partner’ Sp. z o.o., Sp. komandytowa w Dąbrowie Górniczej v Prezes Urzędu Ochrony Konkurencji i Konsumentów article 7 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-904/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli in Warsaw (Poland) lodged on 10 December 2019 — E. Sp. z o.o. v K.S. recital 20 recital 24 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-396/24, Lubreczlik: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Krakowie (Poland) lodged on 6 June 2024 – PU, QS v mBank S.A., BL, CY Case C-724/22, Investcapital: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 2 de León (Spain) lodged on 24 November 2022 — Investcapital Ltd v G.H.R. Case C-84/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy Szczecin — Prawobrzeże i Zachód w Szczecinie (Poland) lodged on 31 January 2019 — Profi Credit Polska S.A. v QJ article 1 paragraph 2 article 4 paragraph 2 Case C-600/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Cour de cassation (France) lodged on 28 September 2021 — QE v Caisse régionale de Crédit mutuel de Loire-Atlantique et du Centre Ouest article 3 paragraph 1 article 4 Case C-381/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Zamora (Spain) lodged on 17 July 2015 — Javier Ángel Rodríguez Sánchez v Caja España de Inversiones, Salamanca y Soria, S.A.U. (Banco CEISS) Case C-75/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureș (Romania) lodged on 31 January 2019 — MF v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA Paris Sucursala București and Secapital Sàrl article 6 paragraph 1 article 8 article 7 paragraph 2 recital 12 recital 21 recital 23 Case C-13/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Zaragoza (Spain) lodged on 9 January 2019 — Ibercaja Banco, S.A. v TJ and UK article 5 article 7 article 3 article 6 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (q) article 4 article 6 Case C-70/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 9 February 2017 — NCG Banco, S.A. (now Abanca Corporación Bancaria, S.A.) v Alberto García Salamanca Santos Case C-524/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 2 de Nules (Spain) lodged on 9 July 2019 — Investcapital Ltd v FE Case C-154/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil No 1 de Granada (Spain) lodged on 1 April 2015 — Francisco Gutiérrez Naranjo v BBK Bank Cajasur, S.A.U. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-288/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Judiciaire — Bobigny (France) lodged on 30 June 2020 — BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA v ZD Case C-35/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Málaga (Spain) lodged on 17 January 2022 — Cajasur Banco, S. A. v JO and IM Case C-12/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Okresný súd Prešov (Slovakia) lodged on 6 January 2022 — UR v 365.bank a.s. Case C-698/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureș (Romania) lodged on 7 November 2018 — SC Raiffeisen Bank SA v JB article 8 article 2 point (b) recital 12 article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 2 recital 23 recital 21 Case C-570/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 13 September 2021 — I.S., K.S. v YYY. S.A. Case C-699/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureș (Romania) lodged on 7 November 2018 — BRD Groupe Societé Générale SA v KC article 6 paragraph 1 article 8 recital 23 article 2 point (b) recital 12 article 7 paragraph 2 recital 21 Case C-691/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Alicante (Spain) lodged on 18 September 2019 — Banco Santander, S.A. v VF and WD Case C-349/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vredegerecht te Antwerpen (Belgium) lodged on 30 May 2018 — Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (NMBS) v Mbutuku Kanyeba article 6 article 3 article 2 point (a) Case C-34/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Ítélőtábla (Budapest Regional Court of Appeal, Hungary) lodged on 18 January 2018 — Ottília Lovasné Tóth v ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt. article 5 annex point 1 point (q) annex point 1 point (m) article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-272/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria) lodged on 20 April 2018 — Verein für Konsumenteninformation v TVP Treuhand- und Verwaltungsgesellschaft für Publikumsfonds mbH & Co KG Case C-350/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vredegerecht te Antwerpen (Belgium) lodged on 30 May 2018 — Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (NMBS) v Larissa Nijs article 6 article 3 article 2 point (a) Case C-613/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 5 de Alcobendas (Spain) lodged on 20 November 2015 — Ibercaja Banco S.A.U. v José Cortés González article 7 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-351/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vredegerecht te Antwerpen (Belgium) lodged on 30 May 2018 — Nationale Maatschappij der Belgische Spoorwegen (NMBS) v Jean-Louis Anita Dedroog article 2 point (a) article 3 article 6 Case C-186/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Oradea (Romania) lodged on 1 April 2016 — Ruxandra-Paula Andriciuc and Others v Banca Românească SA article 4 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-176/23, Raiffeisen Bank: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureş (Romania) lodged on 21 March 2023 — UG v SC Raiffeisen Bank SA article 1 paragraph 2 recital 13 recital 12 Case C-105/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Monomeles Protodikeio Serron (Greece) lodged on 8 February 2019 — WP v Trapeza Peiraios AE article 8 article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-1/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de A Coruña (Spain) lodged on 4 January 2016 — Abanca Corporación Bancaria, S.A. v María Isabel Vázquez Rosende Case C-450/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 6 July 2022 — Caixabank, SA and Others v ADICAE and Others article 7 paragraph 3 article 4 paragraph 2 article 4 paragraph 1 Case C-178/23, ERB New Europe Funding II: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureș (Romania) lodged on 21 March 2023 — ERB New Europe Funding II v YI recital 23 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-7/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 11 de Vigo (Spain) lodged on 6 January 2016 — Banco Popular Español, S.A. and PL Salvador, S.A.R.L. v María Rita Giráldez Villar and Modesto Martínez Baz Case C-431/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Cantabria (Spain) lodged on 7 August 2015 — Liberbank S.A. v Rafael Piris del Campo Case C-6/24, Abanca Corporación Bancaria: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 8 de La Coruña (Spain) lodged on 4 January 2024 – Abanca Corporación Bancaria, S. A. v WE article 7 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-483/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 6 September 2016 — Zsolt Sziber v ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt. article 7 paragraph 2 article 7 paragraph 1 article 8 Case C-534/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecătoria Satu Mare (Romania) lodged on 12 October 2015 — Pavel Dumitraș, Mioara Dumitraș v BRD Groupe Société Générale — sucursala Satu Mare article 2 point (b) article 1 paragraph 1 Case C-87/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj (Romania) lodged on 11 February 2021 — NSV and NM v BT article 1 paragraph 2 article 4 paragraph 1 article 5 Case C-321/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 5 May 2022 — ZL, KU, KM v Provident Polska S.A. article 3 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-211/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Bacău (Romania) lodged on 24 April 2017 — SC Topaz Development SRL v Constantin Juncu, Raisa Juncu, née Cernica annex point (d) annex point (f) article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 2 annex point (i) annex point (e) article 4 paragraph 1 Case C-243/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Polymeles Protodikeio Αthinon (Greece) lodged on 5 June 2020 — DP, SG v Trapeza Peiraios AE article 3 paragraph 1 article 1 paragraph 2 unnumbered paragraph 2 article 4 paragraph 1 article 1 paragraph 2 unnumbered paragraph 1 article 8 article 1 paragraph 2 Case C-509/24, Investcapital: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción n.o 3 de Arucas (Spain) lodged on 22 July 2024 – Investcapital Ltd v M. H. S. Case C-351/23, GR REAL: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove (Slovakia) lodged on 6 June 2023 — GR REAL s. r. o. v PO, RT article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-260/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 16 April 2018 — Kamil Dziubak, Justyna Dziubak v Raiffeisen Bank Polska SA article 6 paragraph 1 article 1 paragraph 2 Case C-535/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Mureș (Romania) lodged on 21 October 2016 — Michael Tibor Bachman v FAER IFN SA Case C-287/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 3 May 2022 — YQ, RJ v Getin Noble Bank S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-337/23, APS Beta Bulgaria and Agentsia za kontrol na prosrocheni zadalzhenia: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 29 May 2023 — ‘APS beta Bulgaria’ EOOD and ‘Agentsia za kontrol na prosrocheni zadalzhenia’ AD article 5 annex point 1 point (c) article 4 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (i) annex point 1 point (j) annex point 1 point (m) article 4 paragraph 1 article 7 annex point 1 point (b) Case C-520/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 24 August 2021 — A.S. v Bank M. SA article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-600/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Zaragoza (Spain) lodged on 6 August 2019 — MA v Ibercaja Banco, S.A. Case C-349/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Castellón (Spain) lodged on 10 July 2015 — Banco Popular Español, S.A. v Elena Lucaciu and Cristian Laurentiu Lucaciu article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-347/23, Zabitoń: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 2 June 2023 — LB, JL v Getin Noble Bank S.A. article 2 point (c) article 2 point (b) Case C-269/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Cluj (Romania) lodged on 29 March 2019 — Banca B. SA v A. A. A. Case C-120/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 60 de Madrid (Spain) lodged on 29 February 2016 — Abanca Corporación Bancaria S.A. v Juan José González Rey and Others Case C-266/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Poznaniu (Poland) lodged on 17 April 2018 — Aqua med sp. z o.o., established in Opalenica v Irena Skóra Case C-531/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy — Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 9 August 2022 — Getin Noble Bank and Others article 7 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 article 8 Case C-179/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 1 de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 7 April 2017 — Bankia, S.A. v Alfonso Antonio Lau Mendoza, Verónica Yuliana Rodríguez Ramírez Case C-229/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 29 May 2020 — P v ‘K’ EOOD article 4 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 annex point 1 point (o) article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-227/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budai Központi Kerületi Bíróság (Hungary) lodged on 3 April 2018 — VE v WD recital 20 article 5 recital 24 article 6 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (o) article 4 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 3 Case C-96/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 38 de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 17 February 2016 — Banco Santander, S.A. v Mahamdou Demba and Mercedes Godoy Bonet article 3 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-627/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecătoria Câmpulung (Romania) lodged on 23 November 2015 — Dumitru Gavrilescu, Liana Gavrilescu v SC Volksbank România SA, SC Volksbank România SA — sucursala Câmpulung Case C-268/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.o 7 de Orense (Spain) lodged on 29 March 2019 — UP v Banco Pastor, S.A.U. article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 4 Case C-222/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy w Opatowie (Poland) lodged on 8 March 2019 — BW Sp. z o.o., having its seat in B. v D.R. Case C-47/24, Cofidis Magyarországi Fióktelepe: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 25 January 2024 – CN v Cofidis Magyarországi Fióktelepe Case C-932/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Győri Ítélőtábla (Hungary) lodged on 20 December 2019 — J.Z. v OTP Jelzálogbank Zrt. and Others Case C-19/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Gdańsku (Poland) lodged on 16 January 2020 — I.W. and R.W. v Bank BPH Spółka Akcyjna article 3 paragraph 2 sentence 2 article 4 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 2 article 3 paragraph 1 article 1 point (a) article 7 paragraph 1 article 3 article 3 paragraph 2 Case C-119/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Sibiu (Romania) lodged on 6 March 2017 — Liviu Petru Lupean, Oana Andreea Lupean v OTP BAAK NYRT, acting through OTPBANK SA, acting through Sucursala Sibiu, OTP BAAK NYRT, acting through OTPBANK SA article 5 paragraph 1 sentence 2 article 4 paragraph 1 Case C-263/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Supremo Tribunal de Justiça (Portugal) lodged on 20 April 2022 — Ocidental — Companhia Portuguesa de Seguros de Vida, S.A. v LP article 4 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 3 article 5 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-16/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil No 1 de Badajoz (Spain) lodged on 15 January 2020 — Asociación de Usuarios de Bancos, Cajas y Seguros de España (Adicae Consumidores Críticos y Responsables) v Liberbank S.A. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 2 article 6 Case C-410/23, Pielatak: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 3 July 2023 – I. SA v S.J. article 2 point (b) article 2 point (c) Case C-15/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil de Badajoz (Spain) lodged on 15 January 2020 — Asociación de Usuarios de Bancos, Cajas y Seguros de España (Adicae Consumidores Críticos y Responsables) v Caja Almendralejo Sociedad Cooperativa de Crédito article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 2 article 6 Case C-609/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal d’instance de Lagny-sur-Marne (France) lodged on 13 August 2019 — BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA v VE article 4 paragraph 2 article 4 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-80/24, Zwrotybankowe.pl: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy – Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 1 February 2024 – Zwrotybankowe.pl sp. z o.o. v Powszechna Kasa Oszczędności Bank Polski S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-621/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Kúria (Hungary) lodged on 3 November 2017 — Gyula Kiss v CIB Bank Zrt., Emil Kiss, Gyuláné Kiss article 5 article 4 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-348/23, BNP Paribas Bank Polska: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 5 June 2023 — KCB, MB v BNP Paribas Bank Polska S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-91/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 60 de Madrid (Spain) lodged on 15 February 2016 — Caixabank S.A. v Héctor Benlliure Santiago Case C-74/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Curtea de Apel Oradea (Romania) lodged on 18 February 2015 — Dumitru Tarcău, Ileana Tarcău v Banca Comercială Intesa Sanpaolo România SA — Sucursala Baia Mare and Others article 2 point (b) article 1 paragraph 1 Case C-176/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy w Siemianowicach Śląskich (Poland) lodged on 6 April 2017 — Profi Credit Polska S.A., established in Bielsko-Biała v Mariusz Wawrzosek article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-645/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas (Lithuania) lodged on 13 October 2022 — R. A. and Others v Luminor Bank AS, acting through Luminor Bank AS Lithuanian Branch article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-482/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 6 de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 24 June 2019 — JF, KG v Bankia SA article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-11/23, Eventmedia Soluciones: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de lo Mercantil No 1 de Palma de Mallorca (Spain) lodged on 12 January 2023 — Eventmedia Soluciones, S.L. v Air Europa Líneas Aéreas, S.A.U. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-425/23: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 11 July 2023 — Profi Credit Bulgaria EOOD, Agentsia za sabirane na vzemania EAD City Cash OOD article 7 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-455/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 12 June 2019 — BX v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-329/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Milano (Italy) lodged on 23 April 2019 — Condominio di Milano v Eurothermo SpA Case C-452/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción No 6 de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 12 June 2019 — YV v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-426/23, Financial Bulgaria: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 11 July 2023 — D. D., B. Zh. v ‘Financial Bulgaria’ EOOD annex point 1 point (m) article 4 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (c) article 5 article 7 article 6 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (b) annex point 1 point (j) annex point 1 point (i) article 4 paragraph 2 Case C-782/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 22 October 2019 — FA v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA, Procureur de la République Case C-344/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Torino (Italy) lodged on 9 June 2017 — IJDF Italy Srl v Violeta Fernando Dionisio, Alex Del Rosario Fernando Case C-812/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 20 December 2021 — Banco Santander, S.A. v OG article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-385/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 49, Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 12 August 2020 — EL, TP v Caixabank, S. A. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-811/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 20 December 2021 — Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. v TB and UK article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-132/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Najwyższy (Poland) lodged on 10 March 2020 — BM, DM and EN v Getin Noble Bank SA article 7 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 2 Case C-810/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 20 December 2021 — Bankia, S.A. v WE and XA article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-231/24, Abanca Corporación Bancaria: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 8 de La Coruña (Spain) lodged on 26 March 2024 – Abanca Corporación Bancaria, S. A. v VX article 3 paragraph 1 article 7 Case C-714/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 22 November 2022 — S.R.G. v Profi Credit Bulgaria EOOD article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (o) article 4 paragraph 2 article 4 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-364/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Galați (Romania) lodged on 7 May 2019 — XU and Others v S.C. Credit Europe Ipotecar IFN S.A. and Credit Europe Bank NV article 4 paragraph 2 article 1 paragraph 2 Case C-283/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Almería (Spain) lodged on 25 April 2018 — Liliana Beatriz Moya Privitello, Sergio Daniel Martín Durán v Cajas Rurales Unidas, Sociedad Cooperativa de Crédito Case C-82/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 9 February 2021 — B.S., Ł.S. v M. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-519/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 9 July 2019 — Passenger Rights spółka akcyjna, with its seat in Warsaw v Ryanair DAC, with its seat in Dublin (Ireland) article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 1 article 2 point (b) Case C-483/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Opolu (Poland) lodged on 24 July 2018 — Profi Credit Polska S.A., whose seat is in Bielsko-Biała, v OH article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 2 Case C-689/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 18 December 2020 — ‘Banka DSK’ EAD v RP article 5 annex point 1 point (e) article 3 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (f) Case C-701/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Amtsgericht Nürnberg (Germany) lodged on 9 November 2018 — Geld-für-Flug GmbH v Ryanair DAC Case C-80/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy — Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 8 February 2021 — E.K., S.K. v D.B.P. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-732/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 4 October 2019 — LL, MK v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria SA article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-511/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 21 August 2017 — Lintner Györgyné v UniCredit Bank Hungary Case C-813/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 20 December 2021 — OK and PI v Banco Sabadell article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-81/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy — Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 9 February 2021 — B.S., W.S. v M. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-657/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 1 de Cazalla de la Sierra (Spain) lodged on 4 December 2020 — Caixabank, S.A. v ZN, SD, AH Case C-170/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sofiyski rayonen sad (Bulgaria) lodged on 15 March 2021 — Profi Credit Bulgaria EOOD v T.I.T. Case C-147/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Almería (Spain) lodged on 23 February 2018 — Banco Mare Nostrum S.A. v Ignacio Jesús Berenguel Nieto, Carmen Sonia Salinas López Case C-670/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Ráckevei Járásbíróság (Hungary) lodged on 8 December 2020 — EP and Others v ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt. Case C-495/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Poznaniu (Poland) lodged on 26 June 2019 – Kancelaria Medius SA, established in Kraków v RN Case C-693/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunale di Milano (Italy) lodged on 13 September 2019 — SPV Project 1503 Srl, Dobank SpA v YB Case C-38/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budai Központi Kerületi Bíróság (Hungary) lodged on 24 January 2017 — GT v HS article 5 CONSID article 4 paragraph 2 Case C-484/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 20 de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 6 August 2021 — F C and M A B v Caixabank S.A., formerly Bankia, S.A. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-192/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd Prešov (Slovakia) lodged on 5 May 2020 — Prima banka Slovensko, a.s. v HD article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-265/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 17 de Palma de Mallorca (Spain) lodged on 20 April 2022 — ZR, PI v Banco Santander, S.A. article 5 article 4 article 3 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-485/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Rayonen sad Nesebar (Bulgaria) lodged on 5 August 2021 — S.V. OOD v E. Ts. D. Case C-565/23, Cofidis Magyarországi Fióktelepe: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 14 September 2023 — AF v Cofidis Magyarországi Fióktelepe Case C-652/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción No 2 — León (Spain) lodged on 22 October 2021 — ACNC v Unicaja Banco, SA article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-565/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 14 September 2021 — CaixaBank, S.A. v X article 4 paragraph 2 article 4 article 5 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-88/24: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.º 1 de Fuenlabrada (Spain) lodged on 2 February 2024 – A.B.D. v Bankinter Consumer Finance, E.F.C., SA article 7 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 Case C-279/24, Liechtensteinische Landesbank: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria), lodged on 22 April 2024 – AY v Liechtensteinische Landesbank (Österreich) AG Case C-230/24, Banco Santander: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.o 8 de A Coruña (Spain) lodged on 26 March 2024 – MF v Banco Santander, S.A. Case C-561/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 10 September 2021 — GP and BG v Banco Santander, S. A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-829/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 27 December 2018 — Crédit Logement SA v OE Case C-869/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 28 November 2019 — L v Banco de Caja España de Inversiones, Salamanca y Soria, S.A.U. Case C-92/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 1 de Fuenlabrada (Spain) lodged on 15 February 2016 — Bankia, S.A. v Henry-Rodolfo Rengifo Jiménez and Sheyla-Jeanneth Felix Caiza Case C-593/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunalul Specializat Cluj (Romania) lodged on 12 September 2022 — FS and WU v First Bank SA Case C-705/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Győri Ítélőtábla (Hungary) lodged on 23 November 2021 — MJ v AxFina Hungary Zrt. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-486/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 6 de Alicante (Spain) lodged on 12 September 2016 — Bankia, S.A. v Alfredo Sánchez Martínez, Sandra Sánchez Triviño article 4 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-452/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción de Teruel (Spain) lodged on 11 July 2018 — XZ v Ibercaja Banco, S.A. article 3 paragraph 1 annex paragraph (q) article 4 paragraph 2 article 6 article 3 Case C-189/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria) lodged on 5 May 2020 — Laudamotion GmbH v Verein für Konsumenteninformation Case C-302/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 4 de Castellón de la Plana (Spain) lodged on 12 May 2021 — Casilda v Banco Cetelem SA Case C-453/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia Vigo (Spain) lodged on 11 July 2018 — Bondora AS v Carlos V. C. Case C-125/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Barcelona (Spain) lodged on 16 February 2018 — Marc Gómez del Moral Guasch v Bankia S.A. article 8 article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 article 1 paragraph 2 Case C-28/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 12 January 2022 — TL, WE v Getin Noble Bank S.A. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-51/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Ítélőtábla (Hungary) lodged on 1 February 2017 — Teréz Ilyés, Emil Kiss v OTP Bank Nyrt., OTP Faktoring Követeléskezelő Zrt. article 1 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 article 4 paragraph 1 (i) annex paragraph 1 point (i) Case C-335/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 10 bis de Sevilla (Spain) lodged on 27 May 2021 — Vicente v Delia Case C-140/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Śródmieścia w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 25 February 2022 — SM, KM v mBank S.A. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-617/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia n.° 3 bis de Albacete (Spain) lodged on 2 October 2018 — The borrowers v Globalcaja, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 4 article 4 paragraph 2 Case C-446/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vredegerecht te Antwerpen (Belgium) lodged on 24 July 2017 — Woonhaven Antwerpen v Khalid Berkani, Asmae Hajji Case C-280/24, Malicník: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove (Slovakia) lodged on 23 April 2024 – A.B. v Slovenská sporiteľňa, a.s. Case C-609/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Letrado de la Administración de Justicia del Juzgado de Violencia sobre la Mujer Único de Terrassa (Spain) lodged on 18 November 2015 — María Assumpció Martínez Roges v José Antonio García Sánchez annex point 1 point (q) article 7 paragraph 2 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-94/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 23 February 2017 — Rafael Ramón Escobedo Cortés v Banco de Sabadell, S.A. article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 1 annex point 1 point (e) article 3 Case C-472/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 30 September 2020 — Lombard Lízing Zrt. v PN Case C-474/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske (Croatia) lodged on 30 September 2020 — I.D. v Z. b. d.d., Z. Case C-405/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Višje sodišče v Mariboru (Slovenia) lodged on 30 June 2021 — FV v NOVA KREDITNA BANKA MARIBOR d.d. article 8 article 3 paragraph 1 article 8a Case C-191/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria) lodged on 27 April 2015 — Verein für Konsumenteninformation v Amazon EU Sàrl Case C-419/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy Pragi-Południe w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 26 June 2018 — Profi Credit Polska S.A., whose seat is in Bielsko-Biała, v Bogumiła Włostowska, Mariusz Kurpiewski, Kamil Wójcik, Michał Konarzewski, Elżbieta Kondracka-Kłębecka, Monika Karwowska, Stanisław Kowalski, Anna Trusik, Adam Lizoń, Włodzimierz Lisowski article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-126/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 10 March 2017 — Orsolya Czakó v ERSTE Bank Hungary Zrt. article 4 paragraph 2 article 5 Case C-198/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 11 May 2020 — MN, DN, JN, ZN v X Bank S.A. article 4 article 3 paragraph 2 article 2 point (b) article 3 paragraph 1 Case C-598/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 1 de Jerez de la Frontera (Spain) lodged on 16 November 2015 — Banco Santander, S.A. v Cristobalina Sánchez López article 7 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 2 Case C-407/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Višje sodišče v Mariboru (Slovenia) lodged on 21 June 2018 — Aleš Kuhar, Jožef Kuhar v Addiko Bank d.d. Case C-34/16: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Alicante (Spain) lodged on 21 January 2016 — Manuel González Poyato and Ana Belén Tovar García v Banco Popular Español, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-224/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 17 de Palma de Mallorca (Spain) lodged on 14 March 2019 — CY v Caixabank, S.A. article 3 article 3 paragraph 2 article 3 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 article 6 article 8 article 4 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-590/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Cour de cassation (France) lodged on 12 October 2017 — Henri Pouvin, Marie Dijoux, wife of Henri Pouvin v Electricité de France (EDF) Case C-776/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 22 October 2019 — VB, WA v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA Case C-212/20: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Warszawy-Woli w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 12 May 2020 — M.P., B.P. v ‘A.’ operating through ‘A.’ S.A. article 5 article 3 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 1 Case C-247/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción No 6 de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 21 March 2019 — HC and ID v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-777/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 22 October 2019 — XZ, YY v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA Case C-259/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia e Instrucción de Ceuta (Spain) lodged on 27 March 2019 — LG, PK v Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-778/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 22 October 2019 — ZX v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA Case C-498/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal Supremo (Spain) lodged on 21 July 2022 — Novo Banco SA — Sucursal en España, Banco de Portugal, Fundo de Resolução v C.F.O. Case C-448/17: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Krajský súd v Prešove (Slovakia) lodged on 25 July 2017 — EOS KSI Slovensko, s.r.o. v Ján Danko, Margita Jalčová article 4 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 article 4 paragraph 2 Case C-215/21: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia No 2 de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Spain) lodged on 6 April 2021 — Zulima v Servicios prescriptor y medios de pagos E.F.C. S.A.U. article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Case C-725/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Judecătoria Sectorului 2 București (Romania) lodged on 1 October 2019 — IO v Impuls Leasing România IFN SA Case C-779/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 22 October 2019 — AV v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA, Procureur de la République Case C-229/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Gerechtshof te Amsterdam (Netherlands) lodged on 14 March 2019 — Dexia Nederland BV v XXX Case C-780/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 22 October 2019 — BW, CX v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA, Procureur de la République Case C-308/15: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Audiencia Provincial de Alicante (España) lodged on 25 June 2015 — Banco Popular Español, S.A. v Emilio Irles López, Teresa Torres Andreu Case C-781/19: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris (France) lodged on 22 October 2019 — DY, EX v BNP Paribas Personal Finance SA Case C-320/24, Soledil: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Corte suprema di cassazione (Italy) lodged on 30 April 2024 – CR, TP v Soledil Srl, a company that has entered into a composition agreement with its creditors article 7 paragraph 1 article 6 paragraph 1 Case C-678/22: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Rejonowy dla Krakowa — Podgórza w Krakowie (Poland) lodged on 3 November 2022 — Profi Credit Polska S.A. v G.N. article 3 paragraph 2 article 4 paragraph 1 article 3 paragraph 1 article 5 Case C-190/18: Request for a preliminary ruling from the justice de paix de Schaerbeek (Belgium) lodged on 13 March 2018 — Société nationale de chemins de fer belges (SNCB) v Gherasim Sorin Rusu Case C-324/23, Myszak: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Sąd Okręgowy w Warszawie (Poland) lodged on 25 May 2023 — OF, EI, RI v M.K., syndykowi masy upadłości Getin Noble Bank S.A. w upadłości (uprzednio Getin Noble Bank S.A.) article 6 paragraph 1 article 7 paragraph 1 Judgment of the Court (First Chamber) of 18 February 2016. Finanmadrid EFC SA v Jesús Vicente Albán Zambrano and Others. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Juzgado de Primera Instancia de Cartagena. Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive 93/13/EEC — Unfair terms — Order for payment procedure — Enforcement proceedings — Powers of the national court responsible for enforcement to raise of its own motion the fact that the unfair term is invalid — Principle of res judicata — Principle of effectiveness — Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union — Judicial protection. Case C-49/14. Order of the Court (Tenth Chamber) of 28 April 2022. Rozhlas a televízia Slovenska v CI. Request for a preliminary ruling from the Okresný súd Prešov. Reference for a preliminary ruling – Article 53(2) and Article 94 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court – Unfair terms in consumer contracts – Directive 93/13/EEC – Scope – Legal relationship between a national radio broadcaster and a natural person who is subject to the radio fee – Manifest inadmissibility. Case C-638/21. Legal basis undefined TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY, PART FIVE - INSTITUTIONS OF THE COMMUNITY, TITLE I - PROVISIONS GOVERNING THE INSTITUTIONS, CHAPTER 1: THE INSTITUTIONS, SECTION 2: THE COUNCIL, ARTICLE 149 EuroVoc Vocabulary Consumer protection Goods and services Protection of economic interests Consumer protection Single market Approximation of laws Internal market - Principles Approximation of laws Unfair terms of contract