Directive (EU) 2024/2881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2024 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (recast)
(1) defining and establishing objectives for ambient air quality designed to avoid, prevent or reduce harmful effects on human health and the environment; (2) setting common methods and criteria to assess the ambient air quality in Member States; (3) monitoring current ambient air quality and long-term trends as well as impacts of Union and national measures on ambient air quality; (4) ensuring that information on ambient air quality is comparable across the Union and made available to the public; (5) maintaining air quality where it is good and improving it in other cases; (6) promoting increased cooperation between Member States and their competent authorities and bodies in reducing air pollution.
(a) the latest scientific information from relevant Union bodies, international organisations, such as the WHO and the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, and other relevant scientific organisations; (b) behavioural changes, fiscal policies and technological developments impacting air quality and its assessment; (c) air quality situations and associated impacts on human health and the environment, including the effects of ozone on vegetation, in Member States; (d) direct and indirect healthcare and environmental costs associated with air pollution; (e) the nature and socioeconomic impacts of complementary actions to be implemented to achieve new objectives as well as a cost-benefit analysis of these actions; (f) progress made in implementing national and Union reduction measures for pollutants and improving air quality; (g) relevant source legislation at Union level for sectors and activities that contribute to air pollution, including progress made in implementing such legislation; (h) relevant information submitted for the purposes of the review to the Commission by Member States; (i) the introduction by individual Member States of more stringent air quality standards in accordance with Article 193 TFEU.
(1) "ambient air" means outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding workplaces as defined in Article 2 of Council Directive 89/654/EEC Council Directive 89/654/EEC of 30 November 1989 concerning the minimum safety and health requirements for the workplace (first individual directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (OJ L 393, 30.12.1989, p. 1 ).(2) "air quality standards" means limit values, target values, average exposure reduction obligations, average exposure concentration objectives, critical levels, alert thresholds, information thresholds and long-term objectives; (3) "pollutant" means any substance present in ambient air and likely to have harmful effects on human health or the environment; (4) "level" means the concentration of a pollutant in ambient air or the deposition thereof on surfaces in a given time; (5) "total deposition" means the total mass of pollutants which is transferred from the atmosphere to surfaces, such as soil, vegetation, water or buildings, in a given area within a given time; (6) "PM 10 " means particulate matter which passes through a size-selective inlet as defined in the reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM10 , EN 12341, with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 10 μm aerodynamic diameter;(7) "PM 2,5 " means particulate matter which passes through a size-selective inlet as defined in the reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM2,5 , EN 12341, with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at2,5 μm aerodynamic diameter;(8) "oxides of nitrogen" means the sum of the volume mixing ratio (ppbv) of nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide) and nitrogen dioxide expressed in units of mass concentration of nitrogen dioxide (μg/m 3 );(9) "arsenic", "cadmium", "lead", "nickel" and "benzo(a)pyrene" mean the total content of these elements and compounds in the PM 10 fraction;(10) "polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons" means those organic compounds, composed of at least two fused aromatic rings made entirely from carbon and hydrogen; (11) "total gaseous mercury" means elemental mercury vapour (Hg 0 ) and reactive gaseous mercury, i.e. water-soluble mercury species with sufficiently high vapour pressure to exist in the gas phase;(12) "volatile organic compounds" or "VOC" means organic compounds from anthropogenic and biogenic sources, other than methane, that are capable of producing photochemical oxidants by reactions with nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight; (13) "ozone precursor substances" means substances which contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone; (14) "black carbon" or "BC" means carbonaceous aerosols measured by light absorption; (15) "ultrafine particles" or "UFP" means particles with a diameter less than or equal to 100 nm, where UFP are measured as the particle number concentrations per cubic centimetre for a size range with a lower limit of 10 nm and for a size range with no restriction on the upper limit; (16) "oxidative potential of particulate matter" means a measure of the capacity of particulate matter to oxidise potential target molecules; (17) "zone" means part of the territory of a Member State, as delimited by that Member State for the purposes of air quality assessment and management; (18) "average exposure territorial unit" means a part of the territory of a Member State designated by that Member State for the purposes of determining the average exposure indicator, corresponding to a NUTS 1 or NUTS 2 region as set out in Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 May 2003 on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS) (OJ L 154, 21.6.2003, p. 1 ).85000 km2 ;(19) "agglomeration" means a conurbation with a population in excess of 250000 inhabitants or, where the population is250000 inhabitants or fewer, with a given population density per km2 to be established by the Member States;(20) "assessment" means any method used to measure, calculate, predict or estimate levels; (21) "assessment threshold" means the level that determines the required assessment regime to be used to assess ambient air quality; (22) "fixed measurements" means measurements taken at sampling points, either continuously or by random sampling, at constant locations for at least 1 calendar year to determine the levels in accordance with the relevant data quality objectives; (23) "indicative measurements" means measurements, taken either at regular intervals during a calendar year or by random sampling, to determine the levels in accordance with data quality objectives that are less strict than those required for fixed measurements; (24) "modelling application" means application of a modelling system, understood as a chain of models and submodels, including all necessary input data, and any post-processing; (25) "objective estimation" means information on the concentration or deposition level of a specific pollutant obtained through expert analysis and which can include use of statistical tools; (26) "spatial representativeness" means an assessment approach whereby the air quality metrics observed at a sampling point are representative for an explicitly delineated geographical area to the extent that air quality metrics within that area do not differ from the metrics observed at the sampling point by more than a pre-defined tolerance level; (27) "air pollution hotspots" means locations within a zone with the highest concentrations to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit values or target values, including where the pollution level is strongly influenced by the emissions from heavy pollution sources, such as nearby congested and heavily trafficked roads, a single industrial source or an industrial area with many sources, ports, airports, intensive residential heating, or a combination thereof; (28) "urban background locations" means places in urban and suburban areas where levels are representative of the exposure of the general urban population; (29) "rural background locations" means places in rural areas with low population density where levels are representative of the exposure of the general rural population, vegetation and natural ecosystems; (30) "monitoring supersite" means a monitoring station at an urban background location or rural background location that combines multiple sampling points to gather long-term data on several pollutants; (31) "limit value" means a level which is fixed on the basis of scientific knowledge, with the aim of avoiding, preventing or reducing harmful effects on human health or the environment, and which is to be attained within a given period and not to be exceeded once attained; (32) "target value" means a level fixed on the basis of scientific knowledge, with the aim of avoiding, preventing or reducing harmful effects on human health or the environment, to be attained where possible over a given period; (33) "average exposure indicator" or "AEI" means an average level determined on the basis of measurements at urban background locations throughout the average exposure territorial unit or, if there is no urban area located in that territorial unit, at rural background locations, and which reflects population exposure, used to check whether the average exposure reduction obligation and the average exposure concentration objective for that territorial unit have been met; (34) "average exposure reduction obligation" means a percentage reduction of the average exposure of the population, expressed as an average exposure indicator, of an average exposure territorial unit, set with the aim of reducing harmful effects on human health, to be attained over a given period and not to be exceeded once attained; (35) "average exposure concentration objective" means a level of the average exposure indicator to be attained, with the aim of reducing harmful effects on human health; (36) "critical level" means a level above which direct adverse effects can occur on some receptors, such as trees, other plants or natural ecosystems but not on humans; (37) "alert threshold" means a level beyond which there is a risk to human health from brief exposure for the population as a whole and at which immediate steps are to be taken by Member States; (38) "information threshold" means a level beyond which there is a risk to human health from brief exposure for particularly sensitive population and vulnerable groups and for which immediate and appropriate information is necessary; (39) "long-term objective" means a level to be attained in the long-term, save where not achievable through proportionate measures, with the aim of providing effective protection of human health and the environment; (40) "contributions from natural sources" means emissions of pollutants not caused directly or indirectly by human activities, including natural events such as volcanic eruptions, seismic activities, geothermal activities, wild-land fires, high-wind events, sea sprays or the atmospheric re-suspension or transport of natural particles from dry regions; (41) "air quality plan" means a plan that sets out policies and measures in order to comply with limit values, target values or average exposure reduction obligations once these have been exceeded; (42) "air quality roadmap" means an air quality plan, adopted ahead of the attainment deadline of limit values and target values, that sets out policies and measures in order to comply with those limit values and target values within the attainment deadline; (43) "short-term action plan" means a plan that sets out emergency measures to be taken in the short term to reduce the immediate risk or the duration of the exceedance of the alert thresholds; (44) "sensitive population and vulnerable groups" means those population groups that are permanently or temporarily more sensitive or more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution than the average population, because of specific characteristics that make the health effects of exposure more significant or because they have a higher sensitivity or a lower threshold for health effects or have a reduced ability to protect themselves; (45) "the public concerned" means one or more natural or legal persons affected or likely to be affected by, or having an interest in, the decision-making procedures related to the implementation of Article 9, 19 or 20; for the purposes of this definition, non-governmental organisations promoting the protection of human health or the environment and meeting any requirements under national law shall be deemed to have an interest.
(a) assessment of ambient air quality, including ensuring an adequate functioning and maintenance of the monitoring network; (b) approval of measurement systems (methods, equipment, networks and laboratories); (c) ensuring the accuracy of measurements and the transfer and sharing of measurement data; (d) promoting the accuracy of modelling applications; (e) analysis of assessment methods; (f) coordination on their territory if Union-wide quality assurance programmes are being organised by the Commission; (g) cooperation with the other Member States and the Commission, including on transboundary air pollution; (h) establishment of air quality plans and air quality roadmaps; (i) establishment of short-term action plans; (j) provision and maintenance of an air quality index and other relevant public information as specified in Annex X.
(a) modelling applications, including how results from modelling applications and indicative measurements shall be taken into account when assessing air quality and how potential exceedances that are identified by those assessment methods can be verified; (b) determining the spatial representativeness of sampling points.
(a) indicative measurements or modelling applications provide sufficient information for the assessment of air quality with regard to limit values, target values, critical levels, alert thresholds and information thresholds, as well as adequate information for the public, in addition to the information provided by the sampling points for fixed measurements; (b) the number of sampling points to be installed and the spatial resolution of indicative measurements and modelling applications are sufficient for the concentration of the relevant pollutant to be established in accordance with the data quality objectives specified in Points A and B of Annex V and enable assessment results to meet the requirements set out in Point E of Annex V; (c) the number of indicative measurements, if used to meet the requirements of this paragraph, is at least the same as the number of fixed measurements that are being replaced and the indicative measurements are evenly distributed over the calendar year; (d) for ozone, nitrogen dioxide is measured at all remaining sampling points measuring ozone except at rural background locations for ozone assessment as referred to in Point B of Annex IV.
(a) zones where exceedances of limit values for a given pollutant are attributable to natural sources; and (b) average exposure territorial units, where exceedances of the level determined by the average exposure reduction obligations are attributable to natural sources.
(a) up to 1 January 2040 , if justified by site-specific dispersion characteristics, orographic boundary conditions, adverse climatic conditions, transboundary contributions, or where the necessary reductions can only be achieved by replacing a considerable fraction of the existing domestic heating systems that are the source of pollution causing exceedances; or(b) up to 1 January 2035 , if justified by projections that demonstrate that even taking into account the expected impact of effective air pollution measures identified in the air quality roadmap, the limit values cannot be attained by the attainment deadline.
(a) an air quality roadmap is established by 31 December 2028 that meets the requirements listed in Article 19(6), (7) and (8) for the zone to which the postponement would apply;(b) the air quality roadmap referred to in point (a) of this paragraph is supplemented by information on air pollution abatement measures listed in Point B of Annex VIII and demonstrates how exceedance periods above the limit values will be kept as short as possible; (c) the air quality roadmap referred to in point (a) of this paragraph is underpinned by air quality projections, including those performed for the purposes of Point A, point 5 and point 7(e), of Annex VIII, which show how the limit values will be attained as soon as possible and no later than by the end of the postponed attainment deadline, taking into account reasonable and proportionate measures; (d) the air quality roadmap referred to in point (a) of this paragraph outlines how the public and, in particular, sensitive population and vulnerable groups will be informed in a coherent and easily understandable manner about the consequences of the postponement for human health and the environment; (e) the air quality roadmap referred to in point (a) of this paragraph outlines how additional funding, including via relevant national programmes, and Union funding programmes where applicable, will be mobilised to accelerate the improvement of air quality in the zone to which the postponement would apply; (f) the conditions laid down in paragraph 3 are fulfilled throughout the period of postponement of the attainment deadline; (g) where an attainment deadline is postponed in accordance with paragraph 1, second subparagraph, the updated air quality roadmap referred to in that subparagraph demonstrates that the first air quality roadmap has been implemented or that steps have been taken in view of its implementation and is supplemented by an analysis showing that the original projections of compliance made in accordance with point (c) of this paragraph did not materialise.
(a) the measures in the air quality roadmap referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article, where applicable as updated in accordance with point (b) of this paragraph, are being implemented, as demonstrated by the Member State by way of an implementation report, including updated projections of emissions and, where possible, of concentrations provided to the Commission on a two-and-a-half yearly basis and for the first time by 30 June 2031 ; where relevant, reference may be made to the most recent programmes and projections of emissions reported pursuant to Directive (EU) 2016/2284 and the accompanying informative inventory report and, where relevant, the implementation report may be integrated in the updated air quality roadmap;(b) the air quality roadmap referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article is updated in accordance with Article 19(5); (c) from 1 January 2035 , the concentration levels for the relevant pollutant show a general decreasing trend in line with an indicative trajectory towards compliance estimated in an updated air quality roadmap established pursuant to Point A, point 7(e), of Annex VIII;(d) the implementation reports and the updated air quality roadmaps are communicated to the Commission within 2 months of their adoption.
(a) the information listed in Point A, points 1 to 7, of Annex VIII; (b) where applicable, the information listed in Point A, points 8, 9 and 10, of Annex VIII; (c) information on relevant abatement measures listed in Point B, point 2, of Annex VIII.
(a) zones in which transboundary transport of air pollution from one or more Member States contributes significantly to the exceedances of limit values or target values in those zones; (b) average exposure territorial units, in which transboundary transport of air pollution from one or more Member States contributes significantly to the exceedances of the level determined by the average exposure reduction obligations in those units.
(a) air quality in accordance with Annex X; (b) location of sampling points for all air pollutants, as well as information on any issues in complying with data coverage requirements per sampling point and pollutant; (c) any postponement decision pursuant to Article 18; (d) air quality plans and air quality roadmaps as provided for in Article 19; (e) short-term action plans established pursuant to Article 20; (f) the effects of exceedances of limit values, target values, average exposure reduction obligations, average exposure concentration objectives, alert thresholds and information thresholds in a summary assessment; the summary assessment shall include, where appropriate, further information and assessments on the environment as well as information on pollutants covered by Article 10 and Annex VII.
(a) the changes made in that year to the list and delimitation of zones or average exposure territorial units established under Article 6; (b) the list of zones and average exposure territorial units and the levels of pollutants assessed; (c) for zones in which the levels of one or more pollutants are higher than the limit values, target values or critical levels, as well as for average exposure territorial units where the levels of one or more pollutants are higher than the level determined by the average exposure reduction obligations: (i) the dates and periods when such levels were observed; (ii) if appropriate, an assessment on contributions from natural sources and from re-suspension of particulates following winter-sanding or winter-salting of roads to the levels assessed, as provided to the Commission under Articles 16 and 17.
(a) specifying the information to be made available by Member States pursuant to this Article as well as the timescales in which such information is to be communicated; (b) identifying ways of streamlining the way data are reported and the reciprocal exchange of information and data from networks and individual sampling points measuring ambient air pollution within Member States.
(a) the limit values, target values, ozone long-term objectives, critical levels, alert thresholds and information thresholds, average exposure reduction obligations and average exposure concentration objectives specified in Annex I; (b) the dates for compliance with any of the parameters referred to in point (a).
(a) they have a sufficient interest; (b) they maintain the impairment of a right, where administrative procedural law of a Member State requires this as a precondition.
(a) the nature, gravity, extent and duration of the infringement; (b) the impact on the population, including sensitive population and vulnerable groups, or the environment affected by the infringement, bearing in mind the objective of achieving a high level of protection of human health and the environment; (c) the repetitive or singular character of the infringement, including any previous receipt of an admonition penalty, or any administrative or criminal penalty; (d) the economic benefits derived from the infringement by the natural or legal person held responsible, insofar as this can be determined.
| Averaging period | Limit value | |
|---|---|---|
| PM | ||
| 1 day | 25 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 10 μg/m | |
| PM | ||
| 1 day | 45 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 20 μg/m | |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO | ||
| 1 hour | 200 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year |
| 1 day | 50 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 20 μg/m | |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO | ||
| 1 hour | 350 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year |
| 1 day | 50 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 20 μg/m | |
| Benzene | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | ||
| Maximum daily 8-hour mean | 10 mg/m | |
| 1 day | 4 mg/m | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Lead (Pb) | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Arsenic (As) | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Cadmium (Cd) | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Nickel (Ni) | ||
| Calendar year | 20 ng/m | |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Averaging period | Limit value | |
|---|---|---|
| PM | ||
| Calendar year | 25 μg/m | |
| PM | ||
| 1 day | 50 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 35 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 40 μg/m | |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO | ||
| 1 hour | 200 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 18 times per calendar year |
| Calendar year | 40 μg/m | |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO | ||
| 1 hour | 350 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 24 times per calendar year |
| 1 day | 125 μg/m | not to be exceeded more than 3 times per calendar year |
| Benzene | ||
| Calendar year | 5 μg/m | |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | ||
| Maximum daily 8-hour mean | 10 mg/m | |
| Lead (Pb) | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Arsenic (As) | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Cadmium (Cd) | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Nickel (Ni) | ||
| Calendar year | 20 ng/m | |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | ||
| Calendar year | ||
| Objective | Averaging period | Target value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protection of human health | Maximum daily 8-hour mean | 120 μg/m | not to be exceeded on more than 18 days per calendar year averaged over 3 years |
| Protection of vegetation | May to July | AOT40 (calculated from 1-hour values) | |
| Objective | Averaging period | Long-term objective | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Protection of human health | Maximum daily 8-hour mean within a calendar year | 100 μg/m | |
| Protection of vegetation | May to July | AOT40 (calculated from 1 h values) | |
| Averaging period | Critical level |
|---|---|
| Sulphur dioxide (SO | |
| Calendar year and winter (1 October to 31 March) | 20 μg/m |
| Oxides of nitrogen (NO | |
| Calendar year | 30 μg/m |
| Pollutant | Averaging period | Alert threshold |
|---|---|---|
| Sulphur dioxide (SO | 1 hour | 350 μg/m |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO | 1 hour | 200 μg/m |
| PM | 1 day | 50 μg/m |
| PM | 1 day | 90 μg/m |
| Ozone | 1 hour | 240 μg/m |
| Pollutant | Averaging period | Information threshold |
|---|---|---|
| Sulphur dioxide (SO | 1 hour | 275 μg/m |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO | 1 hour | 150 μg/m |
| PM | 1 day | 50 μg/m |
| PM | 1 day | 90 μg/m |
| Ozone | 1 hour | 180 μg/m |
1. for PM 2,5 :(a) when 10 years before the AEI was < 10,0 μg/m3 : 10 % lower than the AEI was 10 years before or8,5 μg/m3 , whichever is the lower, unless the AEI is already no higher than the average exposure concentration objective for PM2,5 set out in Point C;(b) when 10 years before the AEI was < 12,0 μg/m3 and ≥10,0 μg/m3 : 15 % lower than the AEI was 10 years before or9,0 μg/m3 , whichever is the lower;(c) when 10 years before the AEI was ≥ 12,0 μg/m3 : 25 % lower than the AEI was 10 years before;
2. for NO 2 :(a) when 10 years before the AEI was < 20,0 μg/m3 : 15 % lower than the AEI was 10 years before or15,0 μg/m3 , whichever is the lower, unless the AEI is already no higher than the average exposure concentration objective for NO2 set out in Point C;(b) when 10 years before the AEI was ≥ 20,0 μg/m3 : 25 % lower than the AEI was 10 years before.
| Pollutant | Average exposure concentration objective |
|---|---|
| PM | AEI = 5 μg/m |
| NO | AEI = 10 μg/m |
| Pollutant | Assessment threshold (annual mean, unless specified) |
|---|---|
| PM | 5 μg/m |
| PM | 15 μg/m |
| Nitrogen dioxide (NO | 10 μg/m |
| Sulphur dioxide (SO | 40 μg/m |
| Benzene | |
| Carbon monoxide (CO) | 4 mg/m |
| Lead (Pb) | |
| Arsenic (As) | |
| Cadmium (Cd) | |
| Nickel (Ni) | 10 ng/m |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | |
| Ozone (O | 100 μg/m |
| Pollutant | Assessment threshold (annual mean, unless specified) |
|---|---|
| Sulphur dioxide (SO | 8 μg/m |
| Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) |
| NO | PM | PM | Benzo(a)pyrene in PM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 – 249 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 250 – 499 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 500 – 749 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 750 – 999 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 7 | 5 | 5 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 8 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 4 | ||
| 9 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 10 | 7 | 8 | 5 | 5 | ||
| Minimum number of sampling points | |
|---|---|
| < 250 | 1 |
| < 500 | 2 |
| < | 2 |
| < | 3 |
| < | 4 |
| < | 5 |
| < | 6 |
| ≥ | 1 additional sampling point per 2 million inhabitants |
| NO | PM | PM | Benzo(a)pyrene in PM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 – 249 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 250 – 499 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 500 – 749 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 750 – 999 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 4 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||
| 5 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 3 | ||
| 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | ||
| Minimum number of sampling points if the number of sampling points is reduced by up to 50 % | |
|---|---|
| < 250 | 1 |
| < 500 | 1 |
| < | 1 |
| < | 2 |
| < | 2 |
| < | 3 |
| < | 3 |
| ≥ | 1 additional sampling point per 4 million inhabitants |
| If maximum concentrations exceed the critical levels | one sampling point every |
| If maximum concentrations exceed the assessment threshold | one sampling point every |
1. Ambient air quality shall be assessed at all locations except those listed in point 2. Points B and C shall apply to the location of sampling points. The principles established by Points B and C shall also apply in so far as they are relevant in identifying the specific locations in which concentrations of the relevant pollutants are established where ambient air quality is assessed through indicative measurements or modelling applications. 2. Compliance with the limit values and target values directed at the protection of human health shall not be assessed at the following locations: (a) any locations situated within areas where members of the public do not have access and there is no fixed habitation; (b) in accordance with Article 4, point (1), on factory premises or at industrial sites to which all relevant provisions concerning health and safety at work apply; (c) on the carriageway of roads; and on the central reservations of roads except where there is normally pedestrian or cycling access to the central reservation.
(a) Sampling points directed at the protection of human health shall be sited in such a way as to provide reliable data on all of the following: (i) concentration levels at air pollution hotspots within the zones; (ii) concentration levels in other areas within the zones which are representative of the exposure of the general population, both in urban background locations and rural background locations; (iii) for arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the deposition rates representing the indirect exposure of the population through the food chain;
(b) sampling points shall in general be sited in such a way as to avoid measuring micro-environments in the immediate vicinity of the sampling point, which means that a sampling point shall, where feasible, be sited in such a way that the air sampled is representative of air quality for a street segment no less than 100 m in length at locations measuring the contribution of road traffic, at least 25 m × 25 m at locations measuring the contribution from domestic heating, and at least 250 m × 250 m at locations measuring the contribution from industrial sites or other sources such as ports or airports; (c) where the objective is to assess air quality at air pollution hotspots, sampling points shall be installed in the areas within zones with the highest concentrations to which the population is likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit values or target values; such sampling points shall be located, where relevant and to the extent possible, in areas where sensitive population and vulnerable groups are likely to be directly or indirectly exposed for a period which is significant in relation to the averaging period of the limit values or target values, including but not limited to residential areas, schools, hospitals, assisted living facilities, or office areas; (d) sampling points in urban background locations shall be located so that their pollution level is influenced by the integrated contribution from all relevant sources; the pollution level shall not be dominated by a single source unless such a situation is typical for a larger urban area; those sampling points shall, as a general rule, be representative for several square kilometres; (e) sampling points in rural background locations shall be located so that their pollution level is influenced by the integrated contribution from relevant sources but not by urban areas, major roads or industrial sites in their vicinity, i.e. closer than 5 km; (f) where the objective is to assess the contribution of road traffic, sampling points shall be located in such a way as to provide data on the streets where the highest concentrations occur, taking into consideration traffic volume (representing the largest traffic density in the zone), local dispersion conditions and spatial land use (for example, in street canyons); (g) where the objective is to assess the contribution of domestic heating, sampling points shall be installed downwind of the main sources within the relevant predominant wind direction of those sources; (h) where the objective is to assess the contributions of industrial sources, ports or airports, at least one sampling point shall be installed downwind of the main source within the relevant predominant wind direction in the nearest residential area; where the background concentration is not known, an additional sampling point shall be situated upwind of the main source, relative to the relevant predominant wind direction; the sampling points may be sited such that the application of BAT can be monitored; (i) sampling points shall, where possible, also be representative of similar locations not in the immediate vicinity of the sampling points; in the zones where the level of air pollutants is above the assessment threshold, the area which each sampling point is representative of shall be clearly defined; the whole zone shall, where possible, be covered by the different areas of representativeness defined for those sampling points; concentrations in areas in a zone that are not covered by that zone’s sampling points shall be assessed with appropriate methods; (j) account shall be taken of the need to locate sampling points on islands where that is necessary for the protection of human health; (k) sampling points measuring arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons shall, where possible, be co-located with sampling points for PM 10 .
| Type of sampling point | Objectives of measurement | Representativeness | Macro-scale siting criteria |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urban background locations for ozone assessments | 1 to 10 km | ||
| Suburban locations for ozone assessments | 10 to 100 km | ||
| Rural locations for ozone assessments | |||
| Rural background locations for ozone assessments |
(a) the geographical area may include non-contiguous domains but shall be limited in its extension by the borders of the zone under consideration; (b) if assessed via modelling applications, a fit-for-purpose modelling system shall be used and modelled concentrations shall be used at location of the sampling point to prevent systematic model-measurement biases from distorting the assessment; (c) other metrics than absolute concentrations may be considered, e.g. percentiles; (d) the tolerance levels and possible cut-offs for the different pollutants may vary depending on the characteristics of the sampling point; (e) the annual average of the observed pollutant concentration shall be used as the air quality metric for a specific year.
(a) the flow around the sampling point inlet shall be unrestricted (in general free in an arc of at least 270 o , or, for sampling points at the building line, of at least 180o ) without any obstructions affecting the airflow in the vicinity of the inlet (at least1,5 m away from buildings, balconies, trees and other obstacles, and at least0,5 m from the nearest building in the case of sampling points representing air quality at the building line);(b) in general, the sampling point inlet shall be between 0,5 m (the breathing zone) and 4 m above the ground; higher siting may also be appropriate if the sampling point is located in a background location; the decision to apply such higher siting shall be fully documented;(c) the inlet probe shall not be positioned in the immediate vicinity of sources in order to avoid the direct intake of emissions unmixed with ambient air to which members of the public are unlikely to be exposed; (d) the sampler’s exhaust outlet shall be positioned so that recirculation of exhaust air to the sampler inlet is avoided; (e) for all pollutants, sampling probes focused on measuring contributions from road traffic shall be at least 25 m from the edge of major junctions and no more than 10 m from the kerbside; for the purposes of this point, a "kerbside" means the line that separates motorised traffic from other areas; a "major junction" means a junction which interrupts the traffic flow and causes different emissions (stop&go) from the rest of the road; (f) for the deposition measurements in background locations, the guidelines and criteria of EMEP shall apply; (g) for ozone measurement, Member States shall ensure that the sampling point is positioned well away from sources such as furnaces and incineration flues, and more than 10 m from the nearest road, with distance increasing as a function of traffic intensity; (h) the following factors may also be taken into account: (i) interfering sources; (ii) security; (iii) access; (iv) availability of electrical power and telephone communications; (v) visibility of the site in relation to its surroundings; (vi) safety of the public and operators; (vii) the desirability of co-locating sampling points for different pollutants; (viii) planning requirements.
(a) justification for the selection of locations representative of the highest levels of pollution in the zone or agglomeration for each pollutant; (b) reasons for selection of locations representative of the general exposure of population; and (c) any deviation from the micro-scale siting criteria, their underlying reasons and the likely impact on measured levels.
| Air pollutant | Maximum uncertainty of fixed measurements | Maximum uncertainty of indicative measurements | Maximum ratio of uncertainty of modelling applications and objective estimation over uncertainty of fixed measurements | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute value | Relative value | Absolute value | Relative value | Maximum ratio | |
| PM | 30 % | 40 % | |||
| PM | 20 % | 30 % | |||
| SO | 30 % | 40 % | |||
| Benzene | 25 % | 35 % | |||
| Lead | 25 % | 35 % | |||
| Arsenic | 40 % | 50 % | |||
| Cadmium | 40 % | 50 % | |||
| Nickel | 40 % | 50 % | |||
| Benzo(a)pyrene | 50 % | 60 % | |||
| Air pollutant | Maximum uncertainty of fixed measurements | Maximum uncertainty of indicative measurements | Maximum ratio of uncertainty of modelling applications and objective estimation over uncertainty of fixed measurements | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute value | Relative value | Absolute value | Relative value | Maximum ratio | |
| PM | 25 % | 35 % | |||
| PM | 25 % | 50 % | |||
| NO | 15 % | 25 % | |||
| NO | 30 μg/m | 15 % | 50 μg/m | 25 % | |
| SO | 15 % | 25 % | |||
| SO | 15 % | 25 % | |||
| CO (24-hour) | 15 % | 25 % | |||
| CO (8-hour) | 10 % | 20 % | |||
| Ozone (8-hour mean) | 18 μg/m | 15 % | 30 μg/m | 25 % | |
| Air pollutant | Minimum data coverage | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed measurements | Indicative measurements | |||
| Annual means | 1-hour, 8-hour or 24-hour means | Annual means | 1-hour, 8-hour or 24-hour means | |
| SO | 85 % | 85 % | 13 % | 50 % |
| O | 85 % | 85 % | 13 % | 50 % |
| PM | 85 % | 85 % | 13 % | 50 % |
| Benzene | 85 % | — | 13 % | — |
| Benzo(a)pyrene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), total gaseous mercury, particulate and gaseous divalent mercury | 30 % | — | 13 % | — |
| As, Cd, Ni, Pb | 45 % | — | 13 % | — |
| BC, ammonia, UFP, size distribution of UFP | 80 % | — | 13 % | — |
| Nitric acid, levoglucosan, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), chemical composition of PM | 45 % | — | 13 % | — |
| Total Deposition | — | — | 30 % | — |
| Parameter | Required proportion of valid data |
|---|---|
| 1-hour means | 75 % (i.e. 45 minutes) |
| 8-hour means | 75 % of values (i.e. 6 hours) |
| 24-hour means | 75 % of the 1-hour means (i.e. at least 18 hourly values during the day) |
| Maximum daily 8-hour mean | 75 % of the hourly running 8-hour means (i.e. at least 18 eight-hour values during the day) |
(a) a description of assessment activities carried out; (b) the specific methods used, with references to descriptions of the method; (c) the sources of data and information; (d) a description of results, including uncertainties and, in particular, the extent of any area or, if relevant, the length of road within the zone over which concentrations exceed any limit value, target value or long-term objective, and of any area within which concentrations exceed the assessment threshold; (e) the population potentially exposed to levels in excess of any limit value for protection of human health.
(a) that all measurements undertaken in relation to the assessment of ambient air quality pursuant to Article 8 are traceable in accordance with the requirements set out in the harmonised standard for testing and calibration laboratories; (b) that institutions operating networks and individual sampling points have an established quality assurance and quality control system which provides for regular maintenance and technical checks to assure the continued accuracy of measuring devices and that they remain operational; the quality system shall be reviewed as necessary and at least every 5 years by the relevant national reference laboratory; (c) that a quality assurance/quality control process is established for the process of data collection and reporting and that organisations appointed for this task actively participate in the related Union-wide quality assurance programmes; (d) that the national reference laboratories are appointed by the appropriate competent authority or body designated pursuant to Article 5 of this Directive and are accredited for the reference methods referred to in Annex VI to this Directive, at least for those pollutants for which concentrations are above the assessment threshold, according to the relevant harmonised standard for testing and calibration laboratories, the reference to which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Union pursuant to Article 2, point 9, of Regulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the CouncilRegulation (EC) No 765/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 July 2008 setting out the requirements for accreditation and repealing Regulation (EEC) No 339/93 (OJ L 218, 13.8.2008, p. 30 ).(e) that the national reference laboratories take part at least every 3 years in the Union-wide quality assurance programmes organised by the JRC for at least those pollutants for which concentrations are above the assessment threshold; participation for other pollutants is recommended; if that participation produces unsatisfactory results, then the national laboratory shall demonstrate at the next participation in the intercomparison satisfactory remediation measures, and provide a report to the JRC on these measures; (f) that the national reference laboratories support the work done by the European network of National Reference Laboratories set up by the JRC; (g) that the European network of National Reference Laboratories be responsible for the periodic review, at least every 5 years, of the measurement uncertainties of fixed measurements and of indicative measurements listed in Point A, Tables 1 and 2, of this Annex and subsequent proposal of any necessary changes to the Commission.
(a) that the designated reference institutions participate in the European network of air quality modelling set up by the JRC; (b) that best practices in air quality modelling identified by the network through scientific consensus are adopted in relevant applications of air quality modelling for the purposes of fulfilling legal requirements pursuant to Union legislation, without prejudice to model adaptations necessitated by singular circumstances; (c) that the quality of relevant applications of air quality modelling is periodically checked and improved through intercomparison exercises organised by the JRC; (d) that the European network of air quality modelling be responsible for the periodic review, at least every 5 years, of the maximum ratio of modelling uncertainties listed in Point A, Tables 1 and 2, of this Annex and subsequent proposal of any necessary changes to the Commission.
1. Reference method for the measurement of sulphur dioxide in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of sulphur dioxide in ambient air is that described in EN 14212:2012 "Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of sulphur dioxide by ultraviolet fluorescence". 2. Reference method for the measurement of nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen in ambient air is that described in EN 14211:2012 "Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide by chemiluminescence". 3. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM 10 in ambient airThe reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM 10 in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 "Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter".4. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM 2,5 in ambient airThe reference method for the sampling and measurement of PM 2,5 in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 "Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter".5. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in ambient air The reference method for the sampling of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 "Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM 10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter". The reference method for the measurement of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in ambient air is that described in EN 14902:2005 "Ambient air quality – Standard method for measurement of Pb, Cd, As and Ni in the PM10 fraction of suspended particulate matter".6. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of benzene in ambient air The reference method for the sampling and measurement of benzene in ambient air is that described in EN 14662, parts 1 (2005), 2 (2005) and 3 (2016) "Ambient air quality – Standard method for measurement of benzene concentrations". 7. Reference method for the measurement of carbon monoxide in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of carbon monoxide in ambient air is that described in EN 14626:2012 "Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of carbon monoxide by non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy". 8. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air The reference method for the sampling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 "Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM 10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter". The reference method for the measurement of benzo(a)pyrene in ambient air is that described in EN 15549:2008 "Air quality – Standard method for the measurement of concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in ambient air". In the absence of an EN standard method for the other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons referred to in Article 9(8), Member States are allowed to use national standard methods or ISO methods such as ISO standard 12884.9. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of total gaseous mercury in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of total gaseous mercury concentrations in ambient air is that described in EN 15852:2010 "Ambient air quality – Standard method for the determination of total gaseous mercury". 10. Reference method for the sampling and analysis of the deposition of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons The reference method for the determination of the deposition of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel is that described in EN 15841:2009 "Ambient air quality – Standard method for determination of arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel in atmospheric deposition". The reference method for the determination of the deposition of mercury is that described in EN 15853:2010 "Ambient air quality – Standard method for determination of mercury deposition". The reference method for the determination of the deposition of benzo(a)pyrene and the other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons referred to in Article 9(8) is that described in EN 15980:2011 "Air quality – Determination of the deposition of benz[a]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene". 11. Reference method for the measurement of ozone in ambient air The reference method for the measurement of ozone in ambient air is that described in EN 14625:2012 "Ambient air – Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of ozone by ultraviolet photometry". 12. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of elemental carbon and organic carbon in ambient air The reference method for the sampling of elemental carbon and organic carbon in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 "Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM 10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter". The reference method for the measurement of elemental carbon and organic carbon in ambient air is that described in EN 16909:2017 "Ambient air – Measurement of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) collected on filters".13. Reference method for the sampling and measurement of NO 3 - , SO4 2- , Cl- , NH4 + , Na+ , K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ in PM2,5 in ambient airThe reference method for the sampling of NO 3 - , SO4 2- , Cl- , NH4 + , Na+ , K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ in PM2,5 in ambient air is that described in EN 12341:2023 "Ambient Air – Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter". The reference method for the measurement of NO3 - , SO4 2- , Cl- , NH4 + , Na+ , K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ in PM2,5 in ambient air is that described in EN 16913:2017 "Ambient air – Standard method for measurement of NO3 - , SO4 2- , Cl- , NH4 + , Na+ , K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ in PM2,5 as deposited on filters".14. Methods for the sampling and measurement of volatile organic compounds that are ozone precursor substances, methane, UFP, BC, size distribution of ultrafine particles, ammonia, particulate and gaseous divalent mercury, nitric acid, levoglucosan and oxidative potential of particulate matter In the absence of an EN standard method for sampling and measuring volatile organic compounds that are ozone precursor substances, methane, UFP, BC, size distribution of ultrafine particles, ammonia, particulate and gaseous divalent mercury, nitric acid, levoglucosan and oxidative potential of particulate matter, Member States may choose the sampling and measuring methods they use, in accordance with Annex V and taking into account the measurement objectives, including those set out in Section 3, Point A, and Section 4, Point A, of Annex VII, as applicable. Where international, EN or national standard reference measurement methods or CEN technical specifications are available, these may be used.
| Pollutant | Type of measurement |
|---|---|
| PM | Fixed measurements |
| NO | Fixed measurements |
| SO | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Size distribution of UFP | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Benzo(a)pyrene, other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as relevant | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Benzene | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Chemical composition of PM | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Pollutant | Type of measurement |
|---|---|
| PM | Fixed measurements |
| NO | Fixed measurements |
| SO | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition of benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as relevant | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total deposition of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel and mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Benzo(a)pyrene, other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as relevant | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Arsenic, cadmium, lead and nickel | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Chemical composition of PM | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total gaseous mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Pollutant | Type of measurement |
|---|---|
| Size distribution of UFP | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Particulate matter oxidative potential | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Ammonia | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Levoglucosan to be measured as part of the chemical composition of PM | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Total gaseous mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Particulate and gaseous divalent mercury | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| Nitric acid | Fixed or indicative measurements |
| SO | Na | NH | Ca | elemental carbon (EC) |
| NO | K | Cl– | Mg | organic carbon (OC) |
| Chemical family | Substance | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trivial name | IUPAC name | Formula | CAS number | |
| Alcohols | Methanol | Methanol | CH | 67-56-1 |
| Ethanol | Ethanol | C | 64-17-5 | |
| Aldehyde | Formaldehyde | Methanal | CH | 50-00-0 |
| Acetaldehyde | Ethanal | C | 75-07-0 | |
| Methacrolein | 2-Methylprop-2-enal | C | 78-85-3 | |
| Alkynes | Acetylene | Ethyne | C | 74-86-2 |
| Alkanes | Ethane | Ethane | C | 74-84-0 |
| Propane | Propane | C | 74-98-6 | |
| n-Butane | Butane | C | 106-97-8 | |
| i-Butane | 2-Methylpropane | C | 75-28-5 | |
| n-Pentane | Pentane | C | 109-66-0 | |
| i-Pentane | 2-Methylbutane | C | 78-78-4 | |
| n-Hexane | Hexane | C | 110-54-3 | |
| i-Hexane | 2-Methylpentane | C | 107-83-5 | |
| n-Heptane | Heptane | C | 142-82-5 | |
| n-Octane | Octane | C | 111-65-9 | |
| i-Octane | 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane | C | 540-84-1 | |
| Alkenes | Ethylene | Ethene | C | 75-21-8 |
| Propene / Propylene | Propene | C | 115-07-1 | |
| 1,3-Butadiene | Buta-1,3-diene | C | 106-99-0 | |
| 1-Butene | But-1-ene | C | 106-98-9 | |
| Trans-2-Butene | (E)-but-2-ene | C | 624-64-6 | |
| cis-2-Butene | (Z)-but-2-ene | C | 590-18-1 | |
| 1-Pentene | Pent-1-ene | C | 109-67-1 | |
| 2-Pentene | (Z)-Pent-2-ene | C | 627-20-3 (cis-2 pentene) | |
| (E)-Pent-2-ene | 646-04-8 (trans-2 pentene) | |||
| Aromatic hydrocarbons | Benzene | Benzene | C | 71-43-2 |
| Toluene / Methylbenzene | Toluene | C | 108-88-3 | |
| Ethyl benzene | Ethylbenzene | C | 100-41-4 | |
| m + p-Xylene | 1,3-Dimethylbenzene (m-Xylene) | C | 108-38-3 (m-Xylene) | |
| 1,4-Dimethylbenzene (p-Xylene) | 106-42-3 (p-Xylene) | |||
| o-Xylene | 1,2-Dimethylbenzene (o-Xylene) | C | 95-47-6 | |
| 1,2,4-Trimethylebenzene | 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene | C | 95-63-6 | |
| 1,2,3-Trimethylebenzene | 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene | C | 526-73-8 | |
| 1,3,5-Trimethylebenzene | 1,3,5-Trimethylebenzene | C | 108-67-8 | |
| Ketones | Acetone | Propan-2-one | C | 67-64-1 |
| Methyl ethyl ketone | Butan-2-one | C | 78-93-3 | |
| Methyl vinyl ketone | 3-Buten-2-one | C | 78-94-4 | |
| Terpenes | Isoprene | 2-Methylbut-1,3-diene | C | 78-79-5 |
| p-Cymene | 1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)benzene | C | 99-87-6 | |
| Limonene | 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene | C | 138-86-3 | |
| β-Myrcene | 7-Methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene | C | 123-35-3 | |
| α-Pinene | 2,6,6-Trimethyl-bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene | C | 80-56-8 | |
| β-Pinene | 6,6-Dimethyl-2-methyl-enebicyclo[3.1.1]heptane | C | 127-91-3 | |
| Camphene | 2,2-dimethyl-3-methyl-enebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane | C | 79-92-5 | |
| Δ | 3,7,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo[4.1.0]hept-3-ene | C | 13466-78-9 | |
| 1,8-Cineol | 1,3,3 trimethyl 2 oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane | C | 470-82-6 | |
(a) region; (b) city/cities (maps); (c) sampling point(s) (map, geographical coordinates).
(a) type of zone (urban, industrial or rural area) or characteristics of the average exposure territorial unit or the territorial unit referred to in Article 19(2) (including urban, industrial or rural areas); (b) estimate of the polluted area (in km 2 ) and of the population exposed to the pollution;(c) concentrations or the average exposure indicator of the relevant pollutant observed from at least 5 years prior to the exceedance up to the most recent data, including their comparison with limit values or average exposure reduction obligation and average exposure concentration objective.
(a) list of the main emission sources responsible for pollution; (b) total quantity of emissions from these sources (in tonnes/year); (c) assessment of the level of emissions (e.g. city level, regional level, national level, and transboundary contributions); (d) source apportionment according to relevant sectors that contribute to the exceedance in the national air pollution control programme.
(a) listing and description of all the measures considered in the air quality plan or air quality roadmap, including the identification of the competent authority in charge of their implementation; (b) quantification or estimation of emission reduction (in tonnes/year) and, where available, concentration reductions of each measure referred to in point (a).
(a) listing of measures selected, including a list of information (such as modelling and assessment results of measures) to reach the air quality standard concerned in accordance with Annex I; if relevant, where the list of measures pursuant to point 6(a) of this Point includes measures with possible high potential to improve air quality, but they have not been selected for adoption, an explanation of the reasons why the measures are not selected for adoption; (b) timetable for implementation of each measure and responsible actors; (c) quantification of emission reduction (in tonnes/year), from the combination of measures referred to in point (a) of this point; (d) expected quantified concentration reduction (in μg/m 3 ) at each sampling point in exceedance of limit values, target values or of the average exposure indicator in case of an exceedance of the average exposure reduction obligation, from the set of measures referred to in point (a) of this point;(e) indicative trajectory towards compliance and estimated year of compliance per air pollutant covered by the air quality roadmap or air quality plan taking into account the set of measures referred to in point (a) of this point; (f) for air quality roadmaps and air quality plans, reasons to explain how such plans or roadmaps set out measures to ensure that the exceedance period is kept as short as possible, including on the implementation timetable.
(a) climatic data; (b) data on topography; (c) information on the type of targets requiring protection in the zone, where applicable; (d) listing and description of all additional measures, that unfold their full impact on ambient air pollutant concentrations in 3 years or more; (e) socioeconomic information on the related area, in order to promote environmental equity issues and the protection of sensitive population and vulnerable groups; (f) a description of the method used and the assumptions made or data used for the projections of the evolution of air quality including, where possible, the margin of uncertainty of projections and sensitivity scenarios to take into account best case, most likely and worst case scenarios; (g) background documents and information used for the assessment.
(a) assessment of timetable of measures from the previous air quality plan; (b) estimate of impact on emission reduction and pollutant concentrations of measures from the previous air quality plan.
(a) reduction of emissions from stationary sources by ensuring that polluting small and medium-sized stationary combustion sources (including for biomass) are fitted with emission control equipment or replaced, and that the energy efficiency of buildings is improved; (b) reduction of emissions from vehicles through retrofitting with zero emissions powertrains and emission control equipment; the use of economic incentives to accelerate take-up shall be considered; (c) procurement by public authorities, in line with the handbook on green public procurement, of fuels, combustion equipment to reduce emissions and zero-emission vehicles as defined in Article 3(1), point (m), of Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 setting CO2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and for new light commercial vehicles, and repealing Regulations (EC) No 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011 (OJ L 111, 25.4.2019, p. 13 ).(d) reduction of emissions through the uptake of zero- and low-emission collective and public transport vehicles or vehicles equipped with modern digital solutions affecting emissions reduction; (e) measures to improve the quality, efficiency, affordability and connectivity of collective and public transport; (f) measures related to the uptake and implementation of alternative fuel infrastructure; (g) measures to limit transport emissions through urban planning and traffic management, including: (i) congestion pricing, such as road pricing and mileage-based user fees; (ii) choice of road materials; (iii) parking fees on public land or other economic incentives and with differentiated fees for polluting and zero-emission vehicles; (iv) establishing urban vehicles access restrictions schemes, including low emission zones and zero-emission zones; (v) establishing low-traffic neighbourhoods, super blocks and car-free neighbourhoods; (vi) establishing car-free streets; (vii) "last mile" zero (exhaust) emission delivery arrangements; (viii) promoting car sharing and carpooling; (ix) implementation of intelligent transport systems; (x) creation of multimodal hubs connecting various sustainable transport solutions and parking facilities; (xi) incentivising cycling and walking, for example by expanding space for cyclists and pedestrians, prioritising cycling and walking in infrastructure planning, expanding the network of cycling routes; (xii) planning for compact cities;
(h) measures to encourage a modal shift towards active mobility and less polluting forms of transport (e.g walking, cycling, public transport or rail), including: (i) electrifying public transport, strengthening the public transport network, and simplifying access and use, for example through digital and interconnected booking and real-time transit information; (ii) ensuring smooth inter-modality for rural-urban commuting, for example between rail and cycling, and between cars and public transport (such as park and ride schemes); (iii) redirecting fiscal and economic incentives towards active and shared mobility, including incentives for cycling and walking commute to work; (iv) scrappage schemes for the most polluting vehicles;
(i) measures to encourage a shift towards zero-emission vehicles and non-road machinery for both private and commercial applications; (j) measures to ensure that low emission fuels are given preference in small-, medium- and large-scale stationary sources and in mobile sources; (k) measures to reduce air pollution from industrial sources under Directive 2010/75/EU, and through the use of economic instruments such as taxes, charges or emission trading, while taking into account specificities of SMEs; (l) reduction of emissions from maritime and air transport through the use of alternative fuels and deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure, as well as the use of economic incentives to accelerate their take-up, and establishing specific requirements for ships and boats at berth and port traffic, while speeding up onshore power supply and electrification of ships and port working machinery; (m) measures to reduce emissions from agriculture; (n) measures to protect the health of children or other sensitive population and vulnerable groups; (o) measures to encourage behavioural changes.
(a) restricting the circulation of vehicles, specifically around locations frequented by sensitive population and vulnerable groups; (b) low-fare or fare-free public transportation; (c) suspending operations at construction works; (d) street cleaning; (e) flexible work arrangements.
(a) hourly up-to-date data per sampling point of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter (PM 10 and PM2,5 ), carbon monoxide and ozone; this shall apply to information from all sampling points where up-to-date information is available, and at least to information from the minimum number of sampling points required under Annex III if the measurement method is appropriate for up-to-date data (UTD), notwithstanding that Member States provide to the public as much UTD information as possible and progressively adapt their measurement methods to this effect; when available, up-to-date information resulting from modelling applications shall also be provided;(b) measured concentrations of all pollutants and, where possible, how they compare with the most recent guideline values recommended by the WHO, presented according to the appropriate periods as laid down in Annex I; (c) information on observed exceedance(s) of any limit value, target value, and average exposure reduction obligation, including at least: (i) the location or area of the exceedance; (ii) the start time and duration of the exceedance; (iii) the measured concentration in comparison to the applicable air quality standards, or average exposure indicator in case of an exceedance of the average exposure reduction obligation;
(d) information regarding impacts on health, including at least: (i) the health impacts of air pollution on general population, and, as far as possible, of each pollutant covered by this Directive; (ii) the health impacts of air pollution on sensitive population and vulnerable groups, and, as far as possible, of each pollutant covered by this Directive; (iii) description of likely symptoms; (iv) recommended precautions to be taken, broken down into precautions to be taken by the general population and by sensitive population and vulnerable groups; (v) where to find further information;
(e) information regarding impacts on vegetation; (f) information on preventive actions to reduce pollution and exposure to it: indication of main source sectors; recommendations for actions to reduce emissions; (g) information on measuring campaigns or similar activities and their results where performed.
(a) information on observed exceedance(s): (i) location or area of the exceedance; (ii) type of threshold exceeded (alert or information); (iii) start time and duration of the exceedance; (iv) highest 1-hour concentration and in addition highest 8-hour mean concentration in the case of ozone;
(b) forecast for the following afternoon/day(s): (i) geographical area of expected exceedances of alert threshold or information threshold; (ii) expected changes in pollution (i.e., improvement, stabilisation or deterioration), together with the reasons for those changes;
(c) information on the type of population concerned, possible health effects and recommended behaviour: (i) information on population groups at risk; (ii) description of likely symptoms; (iii) recommended precautions to be taken by the population concerned; (iv) where to find further information;
(d) information on short-term action plans and preventive actions to reduce pollution or exposure to it: indication of main source sectors; recommendations for action to reduce emissions from anthropogenic sources; (e) recommendations for action to reduce exposure; (f) in the case of predicted exceedances, Member States shall take steps to ensure that such details are supplied to the extent practicable.
| only point 3.8 of the Annex |
| only Articles 1 and 2 |
| Directive | Time-limit for transposition |
|---|---|
| 2004/107/EC | |
| 2008/50/EC | |
| (EU) 2015/1480 |
| This Directive | Directive 2008/50/EC | Directive 2004/107/EC |
|---|---|---|
| Article 1 | — | — |
| Article 2 | Article 1 | Article 1 |
| Article 3 | Article 32 | Article 8 |
| Article 4 | Article 2 | Article 2 |
| Article 5 | Article 3 | — |
| Article 6 | Article 4 | Article 4(1) |
| Article 7 | ||
| Article 8 | Article 6 and Article 9(1) | Article 4(1) to (5) and (10) |
| Article 9 | Article 4(7), (8) and (11) | |
| Article 10 | — | Article 4(9) |
| Article 11 | Articles 8 and 11 | Article 4(12) and (13) |
| Article 12 | Article 12, Article 17(1) and (3) and Article 18 | Article 3(2) |
| Article 13 | Article 13 and 15, Article 16(2) and Article 17(1) | Article 3(1) and (3) |
| Article 14 | Article 14 | — |
| Article 15 | Article 19, first paragraph | — |
| Article 16 | Article 20 | — |
| Article 17 | Article 21 | — |
| Article 18 | Article 22 | — |
| Article 19 | Article 17(2) and Article 23 | Article 3(3) and Article 5(2) |
| Article 20 | Article 24 | — |
| Article 21 | Article 25 | — |
| Article 22 | Article 26 | Article 7 |
| Article 23 | Article 5(1) and (4) | |
| Article 24 | Article 28 | Article 4(15) |
| Article 25 | — | — |
| Article 26 | Article 29 | Article 6 |
| Article 27 | — | — |
| Article 28 | — | — |
| Article 29 | Article 30 | Article 9 |
| Article 30 | Article 33 | Article 10 |
| Article 31 | Article 31 | — |
| Article 32 | Article 34 | Article 11 |
| Article 33 | Article 35 | Article 12 |
| Annex I | Annexes VII, XI, XII, XIII and XIV | Annex I |
| Annex II | Annex II, Section B | Annex II, Section I |
| Annex III | Annexes V and IX | Annex III, Section IV |
| Annex IV | Annexes III and VIII | Annex III, Sections I, II and III |
| Annex V | Annex I | Annex IV |
| Annex VI | Annex VI | Annex V |
| Annex VII | Annexes IV and X | — |
| Annex VIII | Annex XV | — |
| Annex IX | — | — |
| Annex X | Annex XVI | — |
| Annex XI | — | — |
| Annex XII | Annex XVII | — |