Directive (EU) 2024/1788 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on common rules for the internal markets for renewable gas, natural gas and hydrogen, amending Directive (EU) 2023/1791 and repealing Directive 2009/73/EC (recast) (Text with EEA relevance)
(1) "natural gas" means gas that primarily consists of methane, including biomethane, or other types of gas, that can technically and safely be injected into, and transported through, the natural gas system; (2) "renewable gas" means biogas as defined in Article 2, point (28), of Directive (EU) 2018/2001including biogas that has been upgraded to biomethane, and renewable fuels of non-biological origin as defined in Article 2, point (36), of that Directive; (3) "natural gas system" means a system of infrastructure, including pipelines, liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals and natural gas storage facilities, which transports natural gas; (4) "hydrogen system" means a system of infrastructure, including hydrogen networks, hydrogen storage and hydrogen terminals, which contains hydrogen of a high grade of purity; (5) "hydrogen storage facility" means a facility used for the stocking of hydrogen of a high grade of purity: (a) including the part of a hydrogen terminal used for storage but excluding the part used for production operations and facilities reserved exclusively for hydrogen network operators in carrying out their functions; (b) including large, in particular underground, hydrogen storage but excluding smaller, easily replicable hydrogen storage installations;
(6) "hydrogen storage operator" means a natural or legal person that carries out the function of storage of hydrogen and is responsible for operating a hydrogen storage facility; (7) "hydrogen linepack" means the storage of hydrogen of a high grade of purity by compression in hydrogen networks, excluding facilities reserved for hydrogen network operators carrying out their functions; (8) "hydrogen terminal" means an installation used for the offloading and transformation of liquid hydrogen or liquid ammonia into gaseous hydrogen for injection into the hydrogen network or the natural gas system or the liquefaction of gaseous hydrogen and its onloading, including ancillary services and temporary storage necessary for the transformation process and subsequent injection into the hydrogen network, but not any part of the hydrogen terminal used for storage; (9) "hydrogen terminal operator" means a natural or legal person that carries out the function of offloading and transformation of liquid hydrogen or liquid ammonia into gaseous hydrogen for injection into the hydrogen network or the natural gas system or the liquefaction and onloading of gaseous hydrogen and is responsible for operating a hydrogen terminal; (10) "hydrogen quality" means hydrogen purity and contaminants in line with applicable hydrogen quality standards for the hydrogen system; (11) "low-carbon hydrogen" means hydrogen the energy content of which is derived from non-renewable sources, which meets the greenhouse gas emission reduction threshold of 70 % compared to the fossil fuel comparator for renewable fuels of non-biological origin set out in the methodology for assessing greenhouse gas emissions savings from renewable fuels of non-biological origin and from recycled carbon fuels, adopted pursuant to Article 29a(3) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001; (12) "low-carbon gas" means the part of gaseous fuels in recycled carbon fuels as defined in Article 2, point (35), of Directive (EU) 2018/2001, low-carbon hydrogen and synthetic gaseous fuels the energy content of which is derived from low-carbon hydrogen, that meet the greenhouse gas emission reduction threshold of 70 % compared to the fossil fuel comparator for renewable fuels of non-biological origin set out in the methodology adopted pursuant to Article 29a(3) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001; (13) "low-carbon fuels" means recycled carbon fuels as defined in Article 2, point (35), of Directive (EU) 2018/2001, low-carbon hydrogen and synthetic gaseous and liquid fuels the energy content of which is derived from low-carbon hydrogen, that meet the greenhouse gas emission reduction threshold of 70 % compared to the fossil fuel comparator for renewable fuels of non-biological origin set out in the methodology adopted pursuant to Article 29a(3) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001; (14) "hydrogen undertaking" means a natural or legal person that carries out at least one of the following functions: production, transport, supply, purchase or storage of hydrogen or operation of a hydrogen terminal, and that is responsible for the commercial, technical or maintenance tasks related to those functions, excluding final customers; (15) "natural gas undertaking" means a natural or legal person that carries out production, transmission, distribution, supply, purchase or storage of natural gas, including LNG, and which is responsible for the commercial, technical or maintenance tasks related to those functions, excluding final customers; (16) "upstream pipeline network" means any pipeline or network of pipelines operated or constructed as part of an oil or natural gas production project, or used to convey natural gas from one or more such projects to a processing plant or terminal or final coastal landing terminal; (17) "transmission" means the transport of natural gas through a network, which mainly contains high-pressure pipelines, other than an upstream pipeline network and other than the part of high-pressure pipelines primarily used in the context of local distribution of natural gas, with a view to its delivery to customers, excluding supply; (18) "transmission system operator" means a natural or legal person that carries out the function of transmission and is responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing the transmission system in a given area and, where applicable, its interconnections with other systems, and for ensuring the long-term ability of the system to meet reasonable demands for the transport of natural gas; (19) "distribution" means the transport of natural gas through local or regional pipeline networks with a view to its delivery to customers, excluding supply; (20) "distribution system operator" means a natural or legal person that carries out the function of distribution of natural gas and is responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing the distribution system in a given area and, where applicable, its interconnections with other systems, and for ensuring the long-term ability of the system to meet reasonable demands for the distribution of natural gas; (21) "hydrogen network" means a network of onshore and offshore pipelines used for the transport of hydrogen of a high grade of purity with a view to its delivery to customers, excluding supply; (22) "hydrogen transport" means the transmission or distribution of hydrogen through a hydrogen network with a view to its delivery to customers, excluding supply; (23) "hydrogen transmission network" means a network of pipelines for the transport of hydrogen of a high grade of purity, in particular a network which includes hydrogen interconnectors or which is directly connected to hydrogen storage, hydrogen terminals or two or more hydrogen interconnectors or which primarily serves the purpose of transporting hydrogen to other hydrogen networks, hydrogen storage or hydrogen terminals, without excluding the possibility of such networks to serve the purpose of supplying directly connected customers; (24) "hydrogen distribution network" means a network of pipelines for the local or regional transport of hydrogen of a high grade of purity, which primarily serves the purpose of supplying directly connected customers and does not include hydrogen interconnectors, and which is not directly connected to hydrogen storage facilities or hydrogen terminals, unless the network in question was a natural gas distribution system on 4 August 2024 and has been partially or fully repurposed for the transport of hydrogen, or to two or more hydrogen interconnectors;(25) "hydrogen network operator" means a natural or legal person that carries out the function of hydrogen transport and is responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing the hydrogen network in a given area and, where applicable, its interconnections with other hydrogen networks, and for ensuring the long-term ability of the system to meet reasonable demands for the transport of hydrogen; (26) "hydrogen transmission network operator" means a natural or legal person that is responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing a hydrogen transmission network in a given area and, where applicable, its interconnections with other hydrogen networks, and for ensuring the long-term ability of the network to meet reasonable demands for hydrogen transport; (27) "hydrogen distribution network operator" means a natural or legal person that is responsible for operating, ensuring the maintenance of and, if necessary, developing a hydrogen distribution network in a given area and, where applicable, its interconnections with other hydrogen networks, and for ensuring the long-term ability of the network to meet reasonable demands for hydrogen transport; (28) "supply" means the sale, including resale, of natural gas, including LNG, or hydrogen, including in the form of liquid organic hydrogen carriers or liquid hydrogen and hydrogen derivatives including ammonia or methanol to customers; (29) "supply undertaking" means any natural or legal person that carries out the function of supply; (30) "supplier of last resort" means a supplier who is designated to take over the supply of natural gas to customers of a supplier which has ceased to operate; (31) "natural gas storage facility" means a facility used for the stocking of natural gas and owned or operated by a natural gas undertaking, including the part of LNG facilities used for natural gas storage, excluding the portion used for production operations, and excluding facilities reserved exclusively for transmission system operators in carrying out their functions; (32) "natural gas storage system operator" means a natural or legal person that carries out the function of storage of natural gas and is responsible for operating a natural gas storage facility; (33) "LNG facility" means a terminal which is used for the liquefaction of natural gas or the importation, offloading, and re-gasification of LNG, including ancillary services and temporary storage necessary for the re-gasification process and subsequent delivery to the transmission system, excluding any part of LNG terminals used for storage; (34) "LNG system operator" means a natural or legal person that carries out the function of liquefaction of natural gas, or the importation, offloading and re-gasification of LNG and is responsible for operating a LNG facility; (35) "system" means any transmission networks, distribution networks, LNG facilities or natural gas storage facilities owned or operated by a natural gas undertaking, including linepack and its facilities supplying ancillary services and those of related undertakings necessary for providing access to transmission, distribution and LNG; (36) "ancillary services" means all services necessary for access to and the operation of transmission networks, distribution networks, LNG facilities or natural gas storage facilities, including load balancing, blending and injection of inert gas, excluding facilities reserved exclusively for transmission system operators carrying out their functions; (37) "natural gas linepack" means the storage of natural gas by compression in transmission and distribution systems, excluding facilities reserved for transmission system operators carrying out their functions; (38) "interconnected system" means a number of systems which are linked with each other; (39) "interconnector" means a transmission line which crosses or spans a border between Member States for the purpose of connecting the national transmission system of those Member States or a transmission line between a Member State and a third country up to the territory of the Member States or the territorial sea of that Member State; (40) "hydrogen interconnector" means a hydrogen network which crosses or spans a border between Member States for the purpose of connecting the national hydrogen networks of those Member States, or a hydrogen network between a Member State and a third country up to the territory of the Member States or the territorial sea of that Member State; (41) "direct line" means a natural gas pipeline complementary to the interconnected system; (42) "integrated natural gas undertaking" means a vertically or horizontally integrated undertaking; (43) "vertically integrated undertaking" means a natural gas undertaking or a group of natural gas undertakings or a hydrogen undertaking or group of hydrogen undertakings where the same person or the same persons are entitled, directly or indirectly, to exercise control, and where the undertaking or group of undertakings perform at least one of the functions of transmission, distribution, hydrogen transport, hydrogen terminal operation, LNG or natural gas or hydrogen storage, and at least one of the functions of production or supply of natural gas or of hydrogen; (44) "horizontally integrated undertaking" means an undertaking that performs at least one of the functions of production, transmission, distribution, supply or storage of natural gas, as well as a non-natural gas activity; (45) "related undertaking" means an affiliated undertaking as defined in Article 2, point (12), of Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related reports of certain types of undertakings, amending Directive 2006/43/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Council Directives 78/660/EEC and 83/349/EEC (OJ L 182, 29.6.2013, p. 19 ).(46) "system user" means a natural or legal person supplying natural gas or hydrogen to, or being supplied by, the system; (47) "customer" means a wholesale or final customer of natural gas or hydrogen or a natural gas or hydrogen undertaking which purchases natural gas or hydrogen; (48) "household customer" means a customer purchasing natural gas or hydrogen for customer’s own household consumption; (49) "non-household customer" means a customer purchasing natural gas or hydrogen which are not for his or her own household use; (50) "final customer" means a customer purchasing natural gas or hydrogen for customer’s own use; (51) "wholesale customer" means a natural or legal person other than a transmission system operator or distribution system operator who purchases natural gas or hydrogen for the purpose of resale inside or outside the system where the person is established; (52) "microenterprise", "small enterprise" or "medium-sized enterprise" means a microenterprise, a small enterprise or a medium-sized enterprise as defined in Article 2 of the Annex to Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC of 6 May 2003 concerning the definition of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p. 36 ).(53) "gas supply contract" means a contract for the supply of natural gas or hydrogen, excluding a natural gas derivative; (54) "natural gas derivative" means a financial instrument specified in Section C, point 5, 6 or 7, of Annex I to Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU (OJ L 173, 12.6.2014, p. 349 ).(55) "control" means any rights, contracts or any other means which, either separately or in combination and having regard to the considerations of fact or law involved, confer the possibility of exercising decisive influence on an undertaking, in particular by: (a) ownership or the right to use all or part of the assets of an undertaking; (b) rights or contracts which confer decisive influence on the composition, voting or decisions of the organs of an undertaking;
(56) "long-term contract" means a gas supply contract exceeding one year; (57) "entry-exit system" means an access model for natural gas or hydrogen where system users book capacity rights independently on entry and exit points, that includes the transmission system and may include the whole or part of the distribution system, or hydrogen networks; (58) "balancing zone" means a system to which a specific balancing regime is applicable, that includes the transmission system and may include the whole or part of distribution systems; (59) "virtual trading point" means a non-physical commercial point within an entry-exit system where natural gas or hydrogen are exchanged between a seller and a buyer without the need to book capacity; (60) "network user" means a customer or a potential customer of a system operator or a system operator itself in so far as it is necessary for that system operator to carry out its functions in relation to transport of natural gas or hydrogen; (61) "entry point" means a point subject to booking procedures by network users providing access to an entry-exit system; (62) "exit point" means a point subject to booking procedures by network users enabling gas flows out of the entry-exit system; (63) "interconnection point" means a physical or virtual point connecting adjacent entry-exit systems or connecting an entry-exit system with an interconnector, in so far as such a point is subject to booking procedures by network users; (64) "virtual interconnection point" means two or more interconnection points which connect the same two adjacent entry-exit systems, integrated together for the purposes of providing a single-capacity service; (65) "market participant" means a natural or legal person that buys, sells or produces natural gas or hydrogen or that is an operator of storage services including through the placing of orders to trade in one or more markets for natural gas or hydrogen including balancing markets; (66) "contract termination fee" means a charge or penalty imposed on customers by suppliers or market participants for terminating a gas supply or service contract; (67) "switching-related fee" means a charge or penalty for changing suppliers or market participants, including contract termination fees, that is directly or indirectly imposed on customers by suppliers, market participants or system operators; (68) "billing information" means the information provided on a final customer’s bill, apart from a request for payment; (69) "conventional meter" means an analogue or electronic meter with no capability to both transmit and receive data; (70) "smart metering system" means an electronic system that is capable of measuring natural gas or hydrogen fed into the grid or natural gas or hydrogen consumed from the grid, providing more information than a conventional meter, and that is capable of transmitting and receiving data for information, monitoring and control purposes, using a form of electronic communication; (71) "interoperability" means, in the context of smart metering, the ability of two or more energy or communication networks, systems, devices, applications or components to interwork to exchange and use information in order to perform required functions; (72) "most recent available" means, in the context of smart metering data, that it is provided within a period matching the shortest settlement period in the national market; (73) "best available techniques" means, in the context of data protection and security in a smart metering environment, the most effective, advanced and practically suitable techniques for providing, in principle, the basis for complying with the Union data protection and security rules; (74) "energy poverty" means energy poverty as defined in Article 2, point (52), of Directive (EU) 2023/1791; (75) "active customer" means a final customer of natural gas, or a group of jointly acting final customers of natural gas, that: (a) consumes or stores renewable gas which is produced: (i) within its premises located within confined boundaries; or (ii) where permitted by the Member State concerned, within other premises;
(b) provided that its activities do not constitute the final customer’s primary commercial or professional activity and comply with the law applicable to renewable gas production, in particular in relation to greenhouse gas emissions: (i) sells self-produced renewable gas using the natural gas system; or (ii) participates in flexibility or participates in energy efficiency schemes;
(76) "energy efficiency first" means energy efficiency first as defined in Article 2, point (18), of Regulation (EU) 2018/1999; (77) "repurposing" means repurposing as defined in Article 2, point (18), of Regulation (EU) 2022/869 of the European Parliament and of the Council Regulation (EU) 2022/869 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2022 on guidelines for trans-European energy infrastructure, amending Regulations (EC) No 715/2009, (EU) 2019/942 and (EU) 2019/943 and Directives 2009/73/EC and (EU) 2019/944, and repealing Regulation (EU) No 347/2013 (OJ L 152, 3.6.2022, p. 45 ).
(a) pursue a general economic interest and not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that general economic interest; (b) be clearly defined, transparent, non-discriminatory and verifiable; (c) guarantee equal access for Union natural gas undertakings to customers; (d) be limited in time and proportionate as regards their beneficiaries; (e) not result in additional costs for market participants in a discriminatory way; (f) not hamper the gradual and timely phase-out of fossil gas in order to reach the Union 2030 climate target and climate-neutrality objective set out in Regulation (EU) 2021/1119.
(a) be accompanied by a set of measures to achieve effective competition and a methodology for assessing progress with regard to those measures; (b) be set using a methodology that ensures non-discriminatory treatment of suppliers; (c) be set at a price that is above cost, at a level where effective price competition can occur; (d) be designed to minimise any negative impact on the wholesale market for natural gas; (e) ensure that all beneficiaries of such public interventions have the possibility to choose competitive market offers and are directly informed at least every quarter of the availability of offers and savings in the competitive market, and shall ensure that they are provided with assistance to switch to a market-based offer; (f) ensure, in the case the Member State proceeds with the deployment of smart metering systems in accordance with Article 17, that all beneficiaries of such public interventions are directly informed of the possibility of installing smart meters and are provided with necessary assistance; (g) not lead to direct cross-subsidisation between customers supplied at free market prices and those supplied at regulated supply prices.
(a) the existence of very high average prices in wholesale natural gas markets of at least two-and-a-half times the average price during the previous five years, and at least 180 EUR/MWh, which is expected to continue for at least six months, subject to the calculation of the average price during the previous five years not taking into account periods during which a regional or Union-wide natural gas price crisis was declared; (b) sharp increases in natural gas retail prices in the range of 70 % occur which are expected to continue for at least three months.
(a) be limited to at most 70 % of the beneficiary’s consumption during the same period of the previous year and retain an incentive for demand reduction; (b) comply with the conditions set out in Article 4(4) and (7); (c) where relevant, comply with the conditions set out in paragraph 7; (d) be designed to minimise any negative fragmentation of the internal market.
(a) the price set for household customers only applies, at most, to 80 % of median household consumption and retains an incentive for demand reduction; (b) there is no discrimination between suppliers; (c) suppliers are compensated for supplying below cost in a transparent and non-discriminatory manner; (d) all suppliers are eligible to provide offers for the price for the supply of natural gas which is below cost on the same basis; (e) measures proposed do not distort the internal market for natural gas.
(a) accept the evidence already provided to show compliance with the greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria for low-carbon fuels; or (b) by way of derogation from paragraph 8, require suppliers of the source of low-carbon fuels to provide further evidence of their compliance with the greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria and the 70 % greenhouse gas emissions savings threshold.
(a) the identity and contact details of the supplier, including address, email address and a consumer support hotline; (b) the services provided (including the product and tariff name), the main features of the services provided, the service quality levels offered, and the time for the initial connection; (c) the types of maintenance service offered; (d) the means by which up-to-date information on all applicable tariffs, maintenance charges and bundled products or services can be obtained; (e) the duration of the contract, the conditions for renewal and termination of the contract and services, including products or services that are bundled with those services, and whether terminating the contract without charge is permitted; (f) any compensation and the refund arrangements which apply if contracted service quality levels are not met, including inaccurate or delayed billing; (g) where the environmental performance, including where relevant carbon dioxide emissions, is promoted as an essential feature, clear, objective, publicly available and verifiable commitments provided by the supplier and, in the case of supply of renewable gas and low-carbon gas, certification of the renewable gas and low-carbon gas supplied in accordance with Article 9; (h) the method of initiating an out-of-court dispute settlement procedure in accordance with Article 25; (i) information relating to consumer rights, including clear and understandable information on complaint handling and how and where a complaint can be submitted and all the information referred to in this paragraph, that is clearly communicated on the bill or the hydrogen or natural gas undertaking’s website; (j) where relevant, information on the provider and the price of products or services that are tied to, or bundled with, natural gas or hydrogen supply. The contractual conditions shall be fair and well known in advance. In any case, the information shall be provided in consumer-friendly, clear and unambiguous language, prior to the conclusion or confirmation of the contract. Where contracts are concluded through intermediaries, the information referred to in this paragraph shall also be provided prior to the conclusion of the contract. Information on the provider of products or services, and the price of those products or services, that are tied to or bundled with gas supply shall be provided prior to the conclusion of the contract. Final customers shall be provided with a single summary of the key contractual conditions in a prominent manner and in concise and simple language. Member States shall require the supplier to use a common terminology. The Commission shall provide non-binding guidance in this regard.
(a) are part of a contract that the customer has voluntarily entered into; and (b) are clearly communicated to the customer before the contract is entered into. Such fees shall be proportionate and shall not exceed the direct economic loss to the supplier or the market participant resulting from the termination of the contract by the customer. In the case of bundled offers, customers shall be able to terminate individual services of a contract. The burden of proving the direct economic loss shall be on the supplier or market participant. The permissibility of contract termination fees shall be monitored by the regulatory authority or by another competent national authority.
(a) the network users concerned and other relevant stakeholders, in particular consumer bodies, have been consulted; (b) network users, final customers and relevant stakeholders are informed sufficiently in advance of the planned date, the procedure for disconnection, the steps planned and the relevant timeline; (c) final customers receive information on and have access to sufficient advice on sustainable heating options, as well as information on financial support through relevant bodies to be identified by national authorities, including one-stop shops established pursuant to Articles 21 and 22 of Directive (EU) 2023/1791 and Article 18 of Directive (EU) 2024/1275 of the European Parliament and of the Council Directive (EU) 2024/1275 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 April 2024 on the energy performance of buildings (OJ L, 2024/1275, 8.5.2024, ELI: http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1275/oj ).(d) when planning and carrying out the phase-out of natural gas, specific needs of vulnerable customers as referred to in Article 26 and customers affected by energy poverty are duly taken into account and, where applicable, appropriate measures are taken with the aim of removing adverse effects of the natural gas phase-out taking into account the guidance referred to in Article 27, which measures may include the use of public funding and funding facilities established at Union level; (e) any financial transfer between regulated services follows the rules set out in Article 5 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789 and there is no discrimination between different categories of customers and between energy carriers.
(a) be independent from market participants and ensure that natural gas undertakings are given equal treatment in search results; (b) clearly disclose their owners and the natural or legal person operating and controlling the tools, as well as information on how the tools are financed; (c) set out clear and objective criteria on which the comparison is to be based, including services, and disclose them; (d) use plain and unambiguous language; (e) provide accurate and up-to-date information and state the time of the last update of the information; (f) be accessible to persons with disabilities, by being perceivable, operable, understandable and robust; (g) provide an effective procedure for reporting incorrect information on published offers; (h) perform comparisons, while limiting the personal data requested to that strictly necessary for the comparison; (i) clearly indicate whether the price is fixed or variable and the duration of the contract. Member States shall ensure that at least one tool covers the entire market for natural gas. Where multiple tools cover the market, those tools shall include, as complete as practicable, a range of natural gas offers covering a significant part of the market and, where those tools do not completely cover the market, a clear statement to that effect, provided before displaying results. Suppliers and relevant intermediaries shall provide their relevant offers to at least one price comparison tool that covers the entire market. Suppliers shall ensure that the information provided to the operator of the comparison tool is accurate and up-to-date.
(a) entitled to operate directly; (b) entitled to sell self-produced renewable natural gas using the natural gas system; (c) entitled to participate in energy efficiency and demand-shifting schemes; (d) entitled to delegate to a third party the management of the installations required for their activities, including installation, operation, data handling and maintenance, without that third party being considered to be an active customer; (e) subject to cost-reflective, transparent and non-discriminatory network charges, ensuring that they contribute in an adequate and balanced way to the overall cost sharing of the system; (f) financially responsible for the imbalances they cause in the natural gas system or are to delegate their balancing responsibility in accordance with Article 3, point (e), of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789.
(a) have the right to a grid connection within a reasonable time after they make a request to that effect, provided that all necessary conditions, such as balancing responsibility, are fulfilled; (b) are not subject to any double charges, including network charges, for stored renewable gas remaining within their premises; (c) are not subject to disproportionate licensing requirements or fees; (d) are allowed to provide several services simultaneously, if technically feasible.
(a) include advice on how customer groups can use their smart metering systems to improve their energy efficiency; (b) address the specific needs of customers affected by energy poverty or vulnerable customers as referred to in Article 26 of this Directive, such as persons with a visual or hearing impairment and persons with low levels of literacy, including via engagement strategies as defined in Article 2, point (55), of Directive (EU) 2023/1791;
(a) the smart metering systems accurately measure actual natural gas consumption and are capable of providing to final customers information on actual time of use, including validated historical consumption data made easily and securely available and visualised to final customers on request and at no additional cost, and non-validated most recent available consumption data made easily and securely available to final customers at no additional cost, through a standardised interface or through remote access, in order to support automated energy efficiency programmes, and other services; (b) the security of the smart metering systems and data communication complies with relevant Union security rules, having due regard to the best available techniques for ensuring the highest level of cybersecurity protection while bearing in mind the costs and the principle of proportionality; (c) the privacy of final customers and the protection of their data complies with relevant Union data protection and privacy rules; (d) where requested by final customers their natural gas consumption data is made available to them, in accordance with the implementing acts adopted pursuant to Article 23, through a standardised communication interface or through remote access, or to a third party acting on their behalf, in an easily understandable format allowing them to compare offers on a like-for-like basis; (e) appropriate advice and information is given to final customers prior to or at the time of installation of smart meters, in particular concerning their full potential with regard to the management of meter reading and the monitoring of energy consumption, and concerning the collection and processing of personal data in accordance with the applicable Union data protection rules; (f) smart metering systems enable final customers to be metered and settled at the same time resolution as the shortest settlement period in the national market. For the purposes of point (d), it shall be possible for final customers to retrieve their metering data or transmit them to another party at no additional cost and in accordance with their right to data portability under Union data protection rules.
(a) is equipped, where technically feasible, with the functionalities referred to in Article 19, or with a minimum set of functionalities to be established and published by Member States at national level in accordance with Annex II; (b) is interoperable and able to deliver the desired connectivity of the metering infrastructure with consumer energy management systems.
(a) ensure that the offer to the customer requesting the installation of a smart meter explicitly states and clearly describes: (i) the functions and interoperability that can be supported by the smart meter and the services that can be provided as well as the benefits that can be realistically attained by having that smart meter at that moment in time; (ii) any associated costs to be borne by the customer;
(b) ensure that the smart meter is installed within a reasonable time, and in any event no later than four months after the customer’s request; (c) regularly, and in any event at least every two years, review and make public the associated costs, and trace the evolution of those costs as a result of technology developments and potential metering system upgrades.
(a) promoting voluntary codes of suppliers and customers aiming to prevent and manage situations of customers in arrears, which may concern support to customers to manage their energy use and costs, including flagging unusual high-energy spikes or usage, offering appropriate flexible payment plans, debt advice measures, improved communications with customers and support agencies; (b) promoting education and awareness of customers about their rights and debt management; and (c) access to finance, vouchers or subsidies to support payment of bills.
(a) the need to refuse access where there is an incompatibility of technical specifications which cannot reasonably be overcome; (b) the need to avoid difficulties which cannot reasonably be overcome and could prejudice the efficient, current and planned future production of hydrocarbons, including that from fields of marginal economic viability; (c) the need to respect the duly substantiated reasonable needs of the owner or operator of the upstream pipeline network for the transport and processing of natural gas and the interests of all other users of the upstream pipeline network or relevant processing or handling facilities who may be affected; and (d) the need to apply their laws and administrative procedures, in conformity with Union law, for the grant of authorisation for production or upstream development.
(a) natural gas undertakings established within their territory to supply the eligible customers through a direct line; and (b) any such customer within their territory to be supplied through a direct line by natural gas undertakings.
(a) the network development plan established pursuant to Article 55 provides for the decommissioning of the transmission system or relevant parts thereof; (b) the relevant national authority has approved the network decommissioning plan pursuant to Article 57(3); (c) the relevant distribution network operator, exempted to submit a network decommissioning plan pursuant to Article 57(5), has informed the relevant national authority of the decommissioning of the distribution network or relevant parts thereof.
(a) operate, maintain, develop or decommission under economic conditions secure, reliable and efficient transmission, storage or LNG facilities for natural gas to secure an open market, with due regard to the environment and the climate and the obligations laid down in Regulation (EU) 2024/1787, and ensure adequate means to meet its service obligations; (b) not discriminate between system users or classes of system users, specifically in favour of its related undertakings; (c) provide to any other transmission system operator, any other natural gas storage system operator, any other LNG system operator or any distribution system operator sufficient information to ensure that the transport and storage of natural gas may take place in a manner compatible with the secure and efficient operation of the interconnected system; (d) provide system users with the information they need for efficient access to the system.
(a) management of the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator shall not participate in company structures of the integrated natural gas undertaking or the vertically integrated undertaking responsible, directly or indirectly, for the day-to-day operation of the production, transmission, and supply of natural gas and hydrogen; (b) appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure that the professional interests of persons responsible for the management of the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator are taken into account in a manner that ensures that they are capable of acting independently; (c) the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator shall have effective decision-making rights, independent from the integrated natural gas undertaking or the vertically integrated undertaking, with respect to assets necessary to operate, maintain or develop the network; in order to fulfil those tasks, the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator shall have at its disposal the necessary resources including human, technical, financial and physical resources; this shall not prevent the existence of appropriate coordination mechanisms to ensure that the economic and management supervision rights of the parent company in respect of return on assets, regulated indirectly in accordance with Article 78(7), in a subsidiary are protected; in particular, this shall enable the parent company to approve the annual financial plan, or any equivalent instrument, of the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator and to set global limits on the levels of indebtedness of its subsidiary; it shall not permit the parent company to give instructions regarding day-to-day operations, nor with respect to individual decisions concerning the construction or upgrading of distribution lines, that do not exceed the terms of the approved financial plan, or any equivalent instrument; (d) the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator shall establish a compliance programme which sets out measures taken to ensure that discriminatory conduct is excluded, and shall ensure that observance of that compliance programme is adequately monitored; the compliance programme shall set out the specific obligations of employees to meet that objective; an annual report, setting out the measures taken, shall be submitted by the person or body responsible for monitoring the compliance programme, or the compliance officer of the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator to the regulatory authority and shall be published; the compliance officer of the distribution system operator or the hydrogen distribution network operator shall be fully independent and shall have access to all the necessary information of the distribution system operator or hydrogen distribution network operator and any affiliated undertaking to fulfil the compliance officer’s task.
(a) for specific technical or safety reasons, the operations or the production process of the users of that system are integrated; or (b) that system distributes natural gas primarily to the owner or operator of the system or to their related undertakings.
(a) operating, maintaining and developing, including repurposing, under economic conditions a secure and reliable infrastructure for hydrogen transport or storage with due regard to the environment, in close cooperation with connected and neighbouring hydrogen network operators in order to optimise co-location of production and use of hydrogen and on the basis of the ten-year network development plan referred to in Article 55; (b) ensuring the long-term ability of the hydrogen system to meet reasonable demands identified for the transport and storage of hydrogen in accordance with the ten-year network development plan referred to in Article 55; (c) ensuring adequate means to meet its obligations; (d) providing to the operator of other networks or systems with which its system is interconnected sufficient information, including on hydrogen quality, to ensure the secure and efficient operation, coordinated development and interoperability of the interconnected system; (e) not discriminating between hydrogen system users or classes of infrastructure users, specifically in favour of its related undertakings; (f) providing hydrogen system users with the information they need for efficient access to the infrastructure; (g) taking all reasonable measures available to prevent and minimise hydrogen emissions in their operations and carrying out, at regular intervals, a hydrogen leak detection and repair survey of all relevant components under the operator responsibility; (h) submitting a hydrogen leak detection report and, where necessary, a repair or replacement programme to the competent authorities, making public statistical information on hydrogen leak detection and repair on an annual basis.
(a) the regulatory authority, upon request by the vertically integrated undertaking, decides to end the derogation; (b) the hydrogen network benefitting from the derogation is connected to another hydrogen network; (c) the hydrogen network benefitting from the derogation or its capacity is expanded by more than 5 % in terms of length or capacity compared to 4 August 2024 ; or(d) the regulatory authority concludes by decision that the continued application of the derogation would carry the risk of impeding competition or adversely affecting the efficient deployment of hydrogen infrastructure or the development and functioning of the market for hydrogen in the Member State or the Union.
(a) it shall not include hydrogen interconnectors; (b) it shall not have direct connections to hydrogen storage facilities or hydrogen terminals, unless such storage facilities or terminals are also connected to a hydrogen network which does not benefit from a derogation granted pursuant to this Article or to Article 51; (c) it shall primarily serve the purpose of supplying hydrogen to customers directly connected to this network; and (d) it shall not be connected to any other hydrogen network, except to networks also benefiting from a derogation granted pursuant to this Article which are operated by the same hydrogen network operator.
(a) contain comprehensive and detailed information on the main infrastructure that needs to be built or upgraded over the next ten years, taking into account any infrastructure reinforcements needed for connecting renewable gas and low-carbon gas installations and including infrastructure developed to enable reverse flows to the transmission network; (b) contain information on all the investments already decided and identify new investments and demand-side solutions not requiring new infrastructure investments which have to be executed in the next three years; (c) in the case of natural gas, include comprehensive and detailed information on infrastructure that can or is to be decommissioned; (d) in the case of hydrogen, include comprehensive and detailed information on infrastructure that can or is to be repurposed for the transmission of hydrogen, in particular to deliver hydrogen to end-users in hard-to-decarbonise sectors taking into account the greenhouse gas abatement potential and the energy and cost-efficiency in relation to other options; (e) provide for a time frame for all investment and decommissioning projects; (f) be based on a joint scenario developed every two years between the relevant infrastructure operators, including relevant distribution system operators, of at least natural gas, hydrogen, electricity and, where applicable, district heating; (g) in the case of natural gas, be consistent with the results of the common and national risk assessments pursuant to Article 7 of Regulation (EU) 2017/1938; (h) be in line with the integrated national energy and climate plan and its updates, take into account the state of play in the integrated national energy and climate reports submitted in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/1999, be consistent with targets set by Directive (EU) 2018/2001 and support the climate-neutrality objective set out in Article 2(1) and Article 4(1) of Regulation (EU) 2021/1119; (i) be consistent with the Union-wide ten-year network development plan for natural gas referred to in Article 32 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789 and the Union-wide ten-year network development plan for hydrogen referred to in Article 60 of that Regulation, as applicable; (j) take into account the hydrogen distribution network development plan referred to in Article 56 and the natural gas network decommissioning plans referred to in Article 57.
(a) require the transmission system operator or the hydrogen transmission network operator to execute the investment in question; (b) organise a tender procedure open to any investors for the investment in question; (c) oblige the transmission system operator or the hydrogen transmission network operator to accept a capital increase to finance the necessary investment and allow independent investors to participate in the capital.
(a) financing by any third party; (b) construction, repurposing or decommissioning by any third party; (c) building the new assets concerned itself; (d) operating the new assets concerned itself.
(a) include information on capacity needs, both in volume and duration, as negotiated between hydrogen distribution network users and hydrogen distribution network operators, on hydrogen supply, and on capacity needs, both in volume and duration, of existing and potential future hard-to-decarbonise end-users taking into account the greenhouse gas abatement potential and the energy and cost-efficiency in relation to other options and the location of those end-users with a view to targeting the use of renewable and low-carbon hydrogen in those sectors; (b) take into account the heating and cooling plans established pursuant to Article 25(6) of Directive (EU) 2023/1791 and the demand of sectors that are not covered by the heating and cooling plans, and assess how the principle of energy efficiency first in accordance with Article 27 of that Directive is respected when considering hydrogen distribution network expansion in sectors where more energy efficient alternatives are available; (c) include information on the extent to which repurposed natural gas pipelines are to be used for the transport of hydrogen, as well as the extent to which that repurposing is required to fulfil the capacity needs established in accordance with point (a); (d) be based on a consultation process that is open to the relevant stakeholders in order to enable their early and effective participation in the planning process, including the provision and exchange of all relevant information; (e) be published on the hydrogen distribution network operator’s website with the outcome of the stakeholder consultation and submitted to the regulatory authority, together with the outcome of the stakeholder consultation; that website shall be updated regularly so that the relevant stakeholders are informed sufficiently to allow them to participate in the consultation effectively; (f) be in line with the integrated national energy and climate plan and its updates, and with the integrated national energy and climate reports submitted in accordance with Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and support the climate-neutrality objective set out in Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) 2021/1119; (g) be consistent with the Union-wide network development plan for hydrogen referred to in Article 60 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789 and the national ten-year network development plans developed in accordance with Article 55 of this Directive.
(a) the plans are based on the heating and cooling plans developed in accordance with Article 25(6) of Directive (EU) 2023/1791 and duly take into account the demand of sectors that are not covered by the heating and cooling plans; (b) the plans are based on reasonable assumptions about the evolution of production, injection and supply of natural gas, including biomethane, on the one hand, and the consumption of natural gas in all sectors at distribution level, on the other hand; (c) distribution system operators identify required infrastructure adaptations, while demand-side solutions not requiring new infrastructure investments are prioritised, and the plans list infrastructure that is to be decommissioned, also in view of creating transparency with regard to the possible repurposing of such infrastructure for the transport of hydrogen; (d) distribution system operators conduct a consultation process open to the relevant stakeholders when developing the plan in order to enable their early and effective participation in the planning process, including the provision and exchange of all relevant information; the results of the consultation and the network decommissioning plan are submitted to the relevant national authority; (e) the plans and the outcome of the stakeholder consultation are published on the distribution system operators’ websites and those websites are updated regularly to ensure that the relevant stakeholders are informed sufficiently to allow them to participate in the consultation effectively; (f) the plans are updated at least every four years, based on the latest projections for natural gas demand and supply in the relevant region, and shall cover a ten-year period; (g) distribution system operators that are active in the same regional area may opt to develop one single joint network decommissioning plan; (h) the plans are consistent with the Union-wide network development plan for natural gas referred to in Article 32 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789 and the national ten-year network development plans developed in accordance with Article 55 of this Directive; (i) the plans are consistent with the Member State’s integrated national energy and climate plan, the integrated national energy and climate progress report and the long-term strategy submitted pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and support the climate-neutrality objective set out in Article 2(1) of Regulation (EU) 2021/1119.
(a) connection fees and costs take into account the energy efficiency first principle applicable to network development in accordance with Article 3 and Article 27(2) of Directive (EU) 2023/1791; (b) connection fees and costs are published as part of the procedures for the connection of new production facilities for renewable gas and low-carbon gas to the transmission and distribution system established in Articles 41 and 45 of this Directive and pursuant to Article 20(2) of Directive (EU) 2018/2001; (c) the principles of transparency and non-discrimination, the need for stable financial frameworks for existing investments, the advancement of the roll-out of renewable gas and low-carbon gas in the Member State concerned and the existence of alternative support mechanisms for scaling up the use of renewable gas or low-carbon gas, where appropriate, are taken into account.
(a) each undertaking which owns a transmission system acts as a transmission system operator; (b) the same person is entitled neither: (i) directly or indirectly to exercise control over an undertaking performing any of the functions of production or supply, and directly or indirectly to exercise control or exercise any right over a transmission system operator or over a transmission system; nor (ii) directly or indirectly to exercise control over a transmission system operator or over a transmission system, and directly or indirectly to exercise control or exercise any right over an undertaking performing any of the functions of production or supply;
(c) the same person is not entitled to appoint members of the supervisory board, the administrative board or bodies legally representing the undertaking, of a transmission system operator or a transmission system, and directly or indirectly to exercise control or exercise any right over an undertaking performing any of the functions of production or supply; (d) the same person is not entitled to be a member of the supervisory board, the administrative board or bodies legally representing the undertaking, of both an undertaking performing any of the functions of production or supply and a transmission system operator or a transmission system.
(a) the power to exercise voting rights; (b) the power to appoint members of the supervisory board, the administrative board or bodies legally representing the undertaking; or (c) the holding of a majority share.
(a) designate an independent system operator in accordance with Article 61; or (b) comply with the provisions of Section 3.
(a) the candidate operator has demonstrated that it complies with the requirements of Article 60(1), points (b), (c) and (d); (b) the candidate operator has demonstrated that it has at its disposal the required financial, technical, physical and human resources to carry out its tasks pursuant to Article 39; (c) the candidate operator has undertaken to comply with a ten-year network development plan monitored by the regulatory authority; (d) the transmission system owner has demonstrated its ability to comply with its obligations pursuant to paragraph 5, to which end it shall provide all the draft contractual arrangements with the candidate undertaking and any other relevant entity; (e) the candidate operator has demonstrated its ability to comply with its obligations pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2024/1789 including the cooperation of transmission system operators at European and regional level.
(a) provide all the relevant cooperation and support to the independent system operator for the fulfilment of its tasks, including in particular all relevant information; (b) finance the investments decided by the independent system operator and approved by the regulatory authority, or give its agreement to financing by any interested party including the independent system operator; the relevant financing arrangements shall be subject to approval by the regulatory authority; prior to such approval, the regulatory authority shall consult the transmission system owner together with other interested parties; (c) provide for the coverage of liability relating to the network assets, excluding the liability relating to the tasks of the independent system operator; (d) provide guarantees to facilitate financing any network expansions with the exception of those investments where, pursuant to point (b), it has given its agreement to financing by any interested party including the independent system operator.
(a) persons responsible for the management of the transmission system or hydrogen transmission network owner and natural gas storage system operator or hydrogen storage operator shall not participate in company structures of the integrated natural gas undertaking responsible, directly or indirectly, for the day-to-day operation of the production and supply of natural gas and hydrogen; (b) appropriate measures shall be taken to ensure that the professional interests of persons responsible for the management of the transmission system or hydrogen transmission network owner and natural gas storage system operator or hydrogen storage operator are taken into account in a manner that ensures that they are capable of acting independently; (c) the natural gas storage system operator or hydrogen storage operator shall have effective decision-making rights, independent from the integrated natural gas undertaking, with respect to assets necessary to operate, maintain or develop the storage facilities; this shall not preclude the existence of appropriate coordination mechanisms to ensure that the economic and management supervision rights of the parent company in respect of return on assets regulated indirectly in accordance with Article 78(7) in a subsidiary are protected; it shall enable in particular the parent company to approve the annual financial plan, or any equivalent instrument, of the natural gas storage system operator or hydrogen storage operator and to set global limits on the levels of indebtedness of its subsidiary; it shall not permit the parent company to give instructions regarding day-to-day operations, nor with respect to individual decisions concerning the construction or upgrading of storage facilities, that do not exceed the terms of the approved financial plan, or any equivalent instrument; (d) the transmission system or hydrogen transmission network owner and the natural gas storage system operator or hydrogen storage operator shall establish a compliance programme, which shall set out measures taken to ensure that discriminatory conduct is excluded, and ensure that observance of it is adequately monitored; it shall also set out the specific obligations of employees to meet those objectives; an annual report, setting out the measures taken, shall be submitted by the person or body responsible for monitoring the compliance programme to the regulatory authority and shall be published.
(a) assets that are necessary for the activity of natural gas transmission, including the transmission system, shall be owned by the transmission system operator; (b) personnel necessary for the activity of natural gas transmission, including the performance of all corporate tasks, shall be employed by the transmission system operator; (c) leasing of personnel and rendering of services to and from any other parts of the vertically integrated undertaking shall be prohibited, but, a transmission system operator may render services to the vertically integrated undertaking, provided that: (i) the provision of those services does not discriminate between system users, is available to all system users on the same terms and conditions and does not restrict, distort or prevent competition in production or supply; (ii) the terms and conditions of the provision of those services are approved by the regulatory authority;
(d) without prejudice to the decisions of the Supervisory Body pursuant to Article 66, appropriate financial resources for future investment projects or for the replacement of existing assets shall be made available to the transmission system operator in due time by the vertically integrated undertaking following an appropriate request from the transmission system operator.
(a) the representation of the transmission system operator and contacts to third parties and the regulatory authorities; (b) the representation of the transmission system operator within the ENTSO for Gas; (c) granting and managing third-party access on a non-discriminatory basis between system users or classes of system users; (d) the collection of all the transmission system related charges including access charges, balancing charges for ancillary services such as natural gas treatment, purchasing of services (balancing costs, energy for losses); (e) the operation, maintenance and development of a secure, efficient and economic transmission system; (f) investment planning ensuring the long-term ability of the system to meet reasonable demand and guaranteeing security of supply; (g) the setting up of appropriate joint ventures, including with one or more transmission system operators, natural gas exchanges, and the other relevant market participants pursuing the objective to develop the creation of regional markets or to facilitate the liberalisation process; (h) all corporate services, including legal services, accountancy and IT services.
(a) effective decision-making rights, independent from the vertically integrated undertaking, with respect to assets necessary to operate, maintain or develop the transmission system; (b) the power to raise money on the capital market in particular through borrowing and capital increase.
(a) doubts arise as to the professional independence of a nominated person responsible for the management or a member of the administrative bodies; or (b) in the case of premature termination of a term of office, doubts exist regarding the justification of such premature termination.
(a) monitoring the implementation of the compliance programme; (b) elaborating an annual report setting out the measures taken in order to implement the compliance programme and submitting it to the regulatory authority; (c) reporting to the Supervisory Body and issuing recommendations on the compliance programme and its implementation; (d) notifying the regulatory authority on any substantial breaches with regard to the implementation of the compliance programme; (e) reporting to the regulatory authority on any commercial and financial relations between the vertically integrated undertaking and the transmission system operator.
(a) conditions for access to the network established by Regulation (EU) 2024/1789, in particular regarding tariffs, third-party access services, capacity allocation and congestion management, transparency, balancing and secondary markets; (b) projects undertaken in order to operate, maintain and develop the transmission system, including investments in new transport connections, in expansion of capacity and in optimisation of existing capacity; (c) energy purchases or sales necessary for the operation of the transmission system.
(a) upon notification by the certified undertaking pursuant to paragraph 3; (b) on their own initiative where they have knowledge that a planned change in rights or influence over certified undertakings or transmission system owners may lead to an infringement of Article 60 or 68 or where they have reason to believe that such an infringement may have occurred; or (c) upon a reasoned request from the Commission.
(a) that the entity concerned complies with the requirements of Article 60 or 68; and (b) to the regulatory authority, or to another competent authority designated by the Member State, that granting certification will not put at risk the security of energy supply or the essential security interests of the Member State and the Union; in considering that question the regulatory authority or other competent authority so designated shall take into account: (i) the rights and obligations of the Union with respect to that third country arising under international law, including any agreement concluded with one or more third countries to which the Union is a party and which addresses the issues of security of energy supply; (ii) the rights and obligations of the Member State with respect to that third country arising under agreements concluded with it, insofar as they are in compliance with Union law; (iii) ownership, supply or other commercial relationships that could negatively affect the incentives and the ability of the transmission system owner, the transmission system operator, the hydrogen transmission network owner or the hydrogen transmission network operator to deliver natural gas or hydrogen to the Member State or the Union; (iv) other specific facts and circumstances of the case and the third country concerned.
(a) the entity concerned complies with the requirements of Article 60 or 68; and (b) granting certification will put at risk the security of energy supply to the Union.
(a) the specific facts of the case and the third country concerned, including evidence of the influence of the third country concerned over the situation described in the paragraph 3, point (b)(iii); and (b) the rights and obligations of the Union with respect to that third country arising under international law, including an agreement concluded with one or more third countries to which the Union is a party and which addresses the issues of security of supply.
(a) is legally distinct and functionally independent from any other public or private entity; (b) ensures that its staff and the persons responsible for its management: (i) act independently from any market interest; (ii) do not seek or take direct instructions from any government or other public or private entity when carrying out the regulatory tasks. That requirement is without prejudice to close cooperation, as appropriate, with other relevant national authorities or to general policy guidelines issued by the government and not related to the regulatory powers and duties pursuant to Article 78.
(a) the regulatory authority can take autonomous decisions, independently from any political body; (b) the regulatory authority has all the necessary human and financial resources it needs to carry out its duties and exercise its powers in an effective and efficient manner; (c) the regulatory authority has a separate annual budget allocation and autonomy in the implementation of that allocated budget; (d) the members of the board of the regulatory authority or, in the absence of a board, the regulatory authority’s top management are appointed for a fixed term of between five and seven years, renewable once; (e) the members of the board of the regulatory authority or, in the absence of a board, the regulatory authority’s top management are appointed based on objective, transparent and published criteria, in an independent and impartial procedure that ensures that the candidates have the necessary skills and experience for any relevant position in the regulatory authority; (f) provisions on conflict of interest are in place and confidentiality obligations extend beyond the end of the mandate of the members of the board of the regulatory authority or, in the absence of a board, the regulatory authority’s top management; (g) the members of the board of the regulatory authority or, in the absence of a board, the regulatory authority’s top management can be dismissed only based on transparent criteria in place.
(a) promoting, in close cooperation with regulatory authorities of other Member States, the Commission and ACER, competitive, flexible, secure and environmentally sustainable internal markets for natural gas, renewable gas, low-carbon gas and hydrogen within the Union, and ensuring appropriate conditions for the effective and reliable operation of natural gas and hydrogen networks and advancing energy system integration, taking into account long-term objectives, thus contributing to the consistent, efficient and effective application of Union law in order to achieve the Union’s climate and energy goals; (b) developing competitive and properly functioning regional cross-border markets within the Union with a view to the achievement of the objectives referred to in point (a); (c) eliminating restrictions on trade in natural gas and hydrogen between Member States, including eliminating restrictions due to differences in the quality of natural gas and hydrogen or in the volume of hydrogen blended into the natural gas system or due to differences in the quality of hydrogen in the hydrogen system, developing appropriate cross-border transmission or transport capacities to meet demand and enhancing the integration of national markets ensuring the interoperability of the interconnected Union natural gas system or Union hydrogen system, which may facilitate natural gas flow across the Union; (d) helping to achieve, in the most cost-effective manner and while taking into account the energy efficiency first principle, the development of secure, reliable and efficient non-discriminatory systems that are consumer oriented, and promoting system adequacy and, in accordance with general energy and climate policy objectives, energy efficiency as well as the integration of large and small-scale production of gas from renewable sources and distributed production in both transmission and distribution networks and facilitating their operation in relation to other energy networks of electricity and heat; (e) facilitating connection and access to the network for new production capacity, in particular removing barriers that could prevent connection and access for entrants on the markets for gas and hydrogen from renewable sources; (f) ensuring that system operators and system users are granted appropriate incentives, in both the short and the long term, to increase efficiencies, especially energy efficiency, in system performance and foster market integration; (g) ensuring that customers benefit through the efficient functioning of their national market, promoting effective competition and helping to ensure high levels of consumer protection in close cooperation with relevant consumer protection authorities and consultation with relevant consumer bodies; (h) helping to achieve high standards of public service for natural gas, contributing to the protection of vulnerable customers and contributing to the compatibility of necessary data exchange processes for customer switching.
(a) fixing or approving, in accordance with transparent criteria, transmission, or distribution tariffs or their methodologies, or both; (b) approving the joint scenarios for the ten-year network development plans in accordance with Article 55(2), point (f), where such approval is provided for by the Member State; (c) fixing or approving, in accordance with transparent criteria, tariffs for hydrogen network access or their methodologies, or both, without prejudice to Member States’ decisions pursuant to Article 35(4); (d) fixing or approving, in accordance with transparent criteria: (i) the size and duration of the dedicated charge and financial transfer or their methodologies, or both; (ii) the value of transferred assets and the destination of any profits and losses that may occur as a result; and (iii) the allocation of contributions to the dedicated charge;
(e) ensuring compliance of transmission system operators and distribution system operators and, where relevant, system owners, as well as hydrogen network operators, any natural gas and hydrogen undertaking and other market participants with their obligations under this Directive and Regulation (EU) 2024/1789, the network codes and guidelines adopted pursuant to Articles 70, 71 and 72 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789, Regulation (EU) 2017/1938 and other relevant Union law, including as regards cross-border issues, as well as ACER’s decisions; (f) in close coordination with the other regulatory authorities, ensuring the compliance of the ENTSO for Gas, the European entity for distribution system operators (the "EU DSO entity") set up in accordance with Articles 52 to 57 of Regulation (EU) 2019/943 and the European Network of Network Operators for Hydrogen (the "ENNOH") set out in accordance with Article 57 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789 with their obligations under this Directive and Regulation (EU) 2024/1789, the network codes and guidelines adopted pursuant to Articles 70 to 74 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789, and other relevant Union law, including as regards cross-border issues, as well as with ACER’s decisions, and jointly identifying non-compliance of the ENTSO for Gas, the EU DSO entity and the ENNOH with their respective obligations; where the regulatory authorities have not been able to reach an agreement within a period of four months after the start of consultations for the purpose of jointly identifying non-compliance, referring the matter to ACER for a decision, pursuant to Article 6(10) of Regulation (EU) 2019/942; (g) monitoring the development of gas qualities and gas quality management by transmission system operators and where relevant by distribution system operators, including monitoring the development of costs related to the management of gas quality by system operators and the developments related to the blending and deblending of hydrogen into the natural gas system, by natural gas storage system operators and by LNG facility operators and, where a Member State has mandated another competent authority to collect information, that competent authority shall share the information with the regulatory authority; (h) monitoring the development of hydrogen quality and hydrogen quality management by hydrogen network operators where relevant as referred to in Article 50, including monitoring the development of costs related to the management of hydrogen quality; (i) taking into account the examination and assessment of the plans of the development of the hydrogen transport infrastructure submitted by hydrogen network operators pursuant to Articles 55 and 56 of this Directive when it approves the dedicated charges within the meaning of Article 5 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789; (j) cooperating with regard to cross-border issues with the regulatory authority or authorities of the Member States concerned and with ACER, in particular through participation in the work of ACER’s Board of Regulators pursuant to Article 21 of Regulation (EU) 2019/942. In respect of infrastructure to and from a third country, the regulatory authority of the Member State where the first interconnection point with the Member States’ network is located may cooperate with the relevant authorities of the third country, including those of the Energy Community Contracting Parties, after consulting the regulatory authorities of other Member States concerned, with the aim of, as regards that infrastructure, consistent application of this Directive in the territory of the Member States; (k) complying with, and implementing, any relevant legally binding decisions of ACER and of the Commission; (l) reporting annually on its activity and the fulfilment of its duties to the relevant authorities of the Member States, ACER and the Commission, covering the steps taken and the results obtained as regards each of the tasks listed in this Article; (m) ensuring that there are no cross-subsidies between transmission, distribution, hydrogen transport, natural gas and hydrogen storage, LNG and hydrogen terminals and natural gas and hydrogen supply activities, without prejudice to Article 5(2) of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789; (n) monitoring investment plans of the transmission system operators and hydrogen transmission network operators, providing in its annual report an assessment of the investment plans of the transmission system operators and hydrogen transmission network operators as regards their consistency with the Union-wide network development plans referred to in Articles 32 and 60 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789, and including in those assessments recommendations to amend those investment plans; (o) monitoring compliance with and reviewing the past performance of network security and reliability rules and setting or approving standards and requirements for quality of service and supply or contributing thereto together with other competent authorities; (p) monitoring the level of transparency, including of wholesale prices, and ensuring compliance of natural gas and hydrogen undertakings with transparency obligations; (q) monitoring the level and effectiveness of market opening and competition at wholesale and retail levels, including on natural gas and hydrogen exchanges, prices for household customers including prepayment systems, transparency of offers, price spikes and their impact on wholesale and consumer prices, the relationship between household prices and wholesale prices, switching rates, disconnection rates, charges for and the execution of maintenance services, complaints by household customers, and any distortion or restriction of competition, including providing any relevant information, and bringing any relevant cases to the attention of the relevant competition authorities, in particular with regard to vulnerable customers and customers who are affected by energy poverty; (r) monitoring the occurrence of restrictive contractual practices, including exclusivity clauses, which may prevent large non-household customers from contracting simultaneously with more than one supplier or restrict their choice to do so, and, where appropriate, informing the national competition authorities of such practices; (s) respecting contractual freedom with regard to long-term contracts provided that they comply with Union law, are consistent with Union policies and contribute to decarbonisation objectives, provided that no long-term contracts for supply of unabated fossil gas are concluded with a duration beyond 31 December 2049 ;(t) monitoring the time taken by natural gas transmission and distribution system operators or hydrogen network operators to make connections and repairs, including network connection requests by biomethane production facilities; (u) monitoring and reviewing the access conditions to natural gas storage, linepack and other ancillary services as provided for in Article 33 or 37, excluding, in the event that the access regime to natural gas storage is established pursuant to Article 33(3), the reviewing of tariffs; (v) helping to ensure, together with other relevant authorities, that the consumer protection measures, including those set out in Annex I, are effective and enforced, and, in particular, assessing the existence of barriers for customers to exercise their rights such as switching, termination of contract, and access to out-of-court dispute settlement mechanisms; (w) publishing recommendations, at least annually, in relation to compliance of supply prices with Article 7, and providing those to the competition authorities, where appropriate; (x) ensuring non-discriminatory access to customer consumption data, the provision for optional use of an easily understandable harmonised format at national level for consumption data and prompt access for all customers to such data pursuant to Articles 23 and 24; (y) monitoring the implementation of rules relating to the roles and responsibilities of transmission system operators, distribution system operators, hydrogen network operators, suppliers and customers and other market participants pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2024/1789; (z) monitoring the correct application of the criteria that determine whether a natural gas storage facility falls under Article 33(3) or (4); (aa) monitoring the implementation of safeguards measures as referred to in Article 83; (bb) contributing to the compatibility of data exchange processes for the most important market processes at regional level; (cc) implementing the network codes and guidelines adopted pursuant to Articles 70 to 74 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789 through national measures or, where so required, coordinated regional or Union-wide measures; (dd) ensuring an open, transparent, efficient and inclusive process for the setting up of the national ten-year network development plan in line with the requirements set out in Article 55, of the hydrogen distribution network development plan in line with the requirements set out in Article 56 and, where relevant, of the network decommissioning plan in line with the requirements set out in Article 57; (ee) approving and amending the network development plans referred to in Article 55 and, where relevant, in Article 57; (ff) examining and, where applicable, requiring amendments to the hydrogen distribution network development plan referred to in Article 56(4), where such a task is provided for by the Member State pursuant to paragraph 6 of that Article;; (gg) setting up guidelines as referred to in Article 57(6) providing criteria and methodologies for a structural approach to the decommissioning of parts of the natural gas distribution network taking into account costs of decommissioning and the specific case of those assets that might require decommissioning before their originally projected life cycle and providing guidance as regards tariff setting in such cases; (hh) monitoring the availability of comparison websites, including comparison tools that fulfil the criteria in Article 14; (ii) monitoring the removal of unjustified obstacles to and restrictions on the development of consumption of self-generated renewable natural gas; (jj) carrying out any other duties conferred on the regulatory authority pursuant to this Directive and Regulation (EU) 2024/1789.
(a) monitor the compliance of the transmission system owner, the independent system operator or of the hydrogen transmission network owner and independent hydrogen transmission network operator, with their obligations under this Directive, and impose penalties for non-compliance with their obligations, pursuant to paragraph 4, point (d); (b) monitor the relations and communications between the independent system operator and the transmission system owner, or between the hydrogen transmission network owner and the independent hydrogen transmission network operator, so as to ensure compliance of the independent system operator or the independent hydrogen transmission network operator with its obligations, and in particular approve contracts and act as a dispute settlement authority between the independent system operator and the transmission system owner, or between the hydrogen transmission network owner and the independent hydrogen transmission network operator, in respect of any complaint submitted by either party pursuant to paragraph 11; (c) without prejudice to the procedure laid down in Article 61(2), point (c), for the first ten-year network development plan, approve the investments planning and the multi-annual network development plan presented annually by the independent system operator or the independent hydrogen transmission network operator; (d) ensure that network access tariffs collected by the independent system operator or the independent hydrogen network operator include remuneration for the network owner or network owners which provides for adequate remuneration of the network assets and of any new investments made therein, provided they are economically and efficiently incurred; (e) have the powers to carry out inspections, including unannounced inspections, at the premises of the transmission system owner and the independent system operator, or of the hydrogen transmission network owner and the independent hydrogen transmission network operator.
(a) to issue binding decisions on natural gas and hydrogen undertakings; (b) to carry out investigations into the functioning of the markets for natural gas and hydrogen, and to decide upon and impose any necessary and proportionate measures to promote effective competition and ensure the proper functioning of the markets for natural gas and hydrogen and, where appropriate, to cooperate with the national competition authority and the financial market regulators or the Commission in conducting an investigation relating to competition law; (c) to require any information from natural gas and hydrogen undertakings relevant for the fulfilment of its tasks, including the justification for any refusal to grant third-party access, and any information on measures necessary to reinforce the network; (d) to impose effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties on natural gas and hydrogen undertakings not complying with their obligations under this Directive or any relevant legally binding decisions of the regulatory authority or of ACER, or to propose to a competent court to impose such penalties, including the power to impose or propose the imposition of penalties of up to 10 % of the annual turnover of the transmission system operator or hydrogen network operator or of up to 10 % of the annual turnover of the vertically integrated undertaking on the transmission system operator or hydrogen network operator or on the vertically integrated undertaking, as the case may be, for non-compliance with their respective obligations pursuant to this Directive; (e) appropriate rights of investigations and relevant powers of instructions for dispute settlement pursuant to paragraphs 11 and 12.
(a) to impose penalties pursuant to paragraph 4, point (d), for discriminatory behaviour in favour of the vertically integrated undertaking; (b) to monitor communications between the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen transmission network operator and the vertically integrated undertaking so as to ensure compliance of the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen transmission network operator with its obligations; (c) to act as a dispute settlement authority between the vertically integrated undertaking and the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen transmission network operator in respect of any complaint submitted pursuant to paragraph 11; (d) to monitor commercial and financial relations including loans between the vertically integrated undertaking and the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen transmission network operator; (e) to approve all commercial and financial agreements between the vertically integrated undertaking and the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen transmission network operator, on the condition that they comply with market conditions; (f) to request justification from the vertically integrated undertaking when notified by the compliance officer in accordance with Article 67(4), in particular including evidence to the effect that no discriminatory behaviour to the advantage of the vertically integrated undertaking has occurred; (g) to carry out inspections, including unannounced inspections, at the premises of the vertically integrated undertaking and the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen transmission network operator; (h) to assign all or specific tasks of the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen transmission network operator to an independent system operator or an independent hydrogen transmission network operator appointed in accordance with Article 68 in the case of a persistent breach by the transmission system operator or the integrated hydrogen network operator of its obligations under this Directive, in particular in the case of repeated discriminatory behaviour to the benefit of the vertically integrated undertaking.
(a) connection and access to national natural gas networks, including transmission and distribution tariffs, and terms, conditions and tariffs for access to LNG facilities, whereby tariffs or methodologies allow the necessary investments in the networks and LNG facilities to be carried out in a manner allowing those investments to ensure the viability of the networks and LNG facilities; (b) connection and access to national hydrogen networks, including hydrogen network tariffs, where applicable, and terms and conditions and tariffs for access to hydrogen storage and hydrogen terminals; (c) the provision of balancing services to be performed in the most economic manner, to provide appropriate incentives for network users to balance their input and off-takes in a fair and non-discriminatory manner and to be based on objective criteria; (d) approving and monitoring dedicated charges in accordance with Article 5 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1789; (e) access to cross-border infrastructures, including the procedures for the allocation of capacity and congestion management.
(a) foster the creation of operational arrangements in order to enable an optimal management of the network, promote joint natural gas and hydrogen exchanges and the allocation of cross-border capacity, and enable an adequate level of interconnection capacity, including through new interconnections, within the region and between regions to allow for development of effective competition and improvement of security of supply without discriminating between supply undertakings in different Member States; (b) coordinate the development of all network codes for the relevant transmission system operators, hydrogen network operators and other market participants; (c) coordinate the development of the rules governing the management of congestion; (d) ensure regulatory compliance of legal entities fulfilling transmission operators’ and network operators’ tasks at cross-border or regional level.
(a) not to raise objections against the decision of the regulatory authority; or (b) to require the regulatory authority concerned to withdraw its decision on the basis that the network codes and the guidelines have not been complied with.
(i) Cyprus (NUTS 2 CY00); (ii) Kainuu (NUTS 3 FI1D8); (iii) Lapland (NUTS 3 FI1D7); (iv) Malta (NUTS 2 MT00); (v) Northern Ostrobothnia (NUTS 3 FI1D9); (vi) Upper Norrland (NUTS 2 SE33).
(a) be in conflict with Union law other than the incompatibilities arising from the allocation of competence between the Union and the Member States; (b) be detrimental to the functioning of the internal markets for natural gas or hydrogen, competition or security of supply in a Member State or in the Union, taking into account the principle of solidarity between Member States pursuant to Article 194(1) TFEU; (c) undermine the objectives of pending negotiations of international agreements by the Union with a third country; (d) be discriminatory.
(1) Articles 17 and 19 are deleted; (2) in Article 39, the second subparagraph is replaced by the following: "Articles 13 to 16 and Articles 18 and 20 and Annexes II, IX, XII, XIII and XIV shall apply from 12 October 2025 ";(3) Annex VIII is deleted.
(a) the price to be paid and a breakdown of the price where possible, together with a clear statement that all energy sources may also benefit from incentives that were not financed through the levies indicated in the breakdown of the price; (b) the date on which payment is due.
(a) consumption of natural gas and hydrogen for the billing period; (b) the name and contact details of the supplier, including a consumer support hotline and email address; (c) the tariff name; (d) the end date of the contract, if applicable; (e) information on the availability and benefits of switching; (f) the final customer’s switching code or unique identification code for the final customer’s supply point; (g) information on final customers’ rights as regards out-of-court dispute settlement, including the contact details of the entity responsible pursuant to Article 25; (h) the single point of contact referred to in Article 24; (i) for natural gas only, a link or reference to where comparison tools referred to in Article 14 can be found.
(a) comparisons of the final customer’s current consumption of natural gas and hydrogen with the final customer’s consumption for the same period in the previous year in graphic form; (b) contact information for consumer bodies, energy agencies or similar bodies, including website addresses, from which information may be obtained on available energy efficiency improvement measures for energy-using equipment; (c) comparisons with an average normalised or benchmarked final customer in the same user category.
(a) billing on the basis of actual consumption shall take place at least once a year; (b) where the final customer does not have a meter that allows remote reading by the operator, or where the final customer has actively chosen to disable remote reading in accordance with national law, accurate billing information based on actual consumption shall be made available to the final customer at least every six months, or once every three months, if requested or where the final customer has opted to receive electronic billing; (c) where the final customer does not have a meter that allows remote reading by the operator, or where the final customer has actively chosen to disable remote reading in accordance with national law, the obligations in points (a) and (b) may be fulfilled by means of a system of regular self-reading by the final customer, whereby the final customer communicates readings from the meter to the operator; billing or billing information may be based on estimated consumption or a flat rate only where the final customer has not provided a meter reading for a given billing interval. The estimated consumption shall be based on the final customer’s previous year’s consumption or on the consumption of a comparable final customer; (d) where the final customer has a meter that allows remote reading by the operator, accurate billing information based on actual consumption shall be provided at least every month; such information may also be made available via the internet, and shall be updated as frequently as allowed by the measurement devices and systems used.
(a) cumulative data for at least the three previous years or the period since the start of the gas supply contract, if that period is shorter. The data shall correspond to the intervals for which frequent billing information has been produced; and (b) detailed data according to the time of use for any day, week, month and year, which is made available to the final customer without undue delay via the internet or the meter interface, covering the period of at least the previous 24 months or the period since the start of the gas supply contract, if that period is shorter.
(a) the share of renewable gas and low-carbon gas in the mix of the supplier (at national level, namely in the Member State in which the supply contract for gas has been concluded, as well as at the level of the supplier if the supplier is active in several Member States) over the preceding year in a comprehensible and clearly comparable manner; (b) information on the environmental impact, in at least terms of carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the natural gas or hydrogen supplied by the supplier over the preceding year.
| Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council ( | |
| Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( | Only Article 51 |
| Directive (EU) 2019/692 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( | |
| Regulation (EU) 2022/869 of the European Parliament and of the Council ( | Only Article 41(1), point (v) |
| Directive | Time-limit for transposition | Date of application |
|---|---|---|
| Directive 2009/73/EC | ||
| Directive (EU) 2019/692 |
| Directive 2009/73/EC | This Directive |
|---|---|
| — | Article 1(1) |
| Article 1(1) | Article 1(2) |
| Article 1(2) | — |
| — | Article 1(3) |
| — | Article 1(4) |
| — | Article 1(5) |
| Article 2, introductory wording | Article 2, introductory wording |
| — | Article 2, points 1 to 14 |
| Article 2, point 1 | Article 2, point 15 |
| Article 2, point 2 | Article 2, point 16 |
| Article 2, point 3 | Article 2, point 17 |
| Article 2, point 4 | Article 2, point 18 |
| Article 2, point 5 | Article 2, point 19 |
| Article 2, point 6 | Article 2, point 20 |
| — | Article 2, points 21 to 27 |
| Article 2, point 7 | Article 2, point 28 |
| Article 2, point 8 | Article 2, point 29 |
| — | Article 2, point 30 |
| Article 2, point 9 | Article 2, point 31 |
| Article 2, point 10 | Article 2, point 32 |
| Article 2, point 11 | Article 2, point 33 |
| Article 2, point 12 | Article 2, point 34 |
| Article 2, point 13 | Article 2, point 35 |
| Article 2, point 14 | Article 2, point 36 |
| Article 2, point 15 | Article 2, point 37 |
| Article 2, point 16 | Article 2, point 38 |
| Article 2, point 17 | Article 2, point 39 |
| — | Article 2, point 40 |
| Article 2, point 18 | Article 2, point 41 |
| Article 2, point 19 | Article 2, point 42 |
| Article 2, point 20 | Article 2, point 43 |
| Article 2, point 21 | Article 2, point 44 |
| Article 2, point 22 | Article 2, point 45 |
| Article 2, point 23 | Article 2, point 46 |
| Article 2, point 24 | Article 2, point 47 |
| Article 2, point 25 | Article 2, point 48 |
| Article 2, point 26 | Article 2, point 49 |
| Article 2, point 27 | Article 2, point 50 |
| Article 2, point 29 | Article 2, point 51 |
| — | Article 2, point 52 |
| Article 2, point 34 | Article 2, point 53 |
| Article 2, point 35 | Article 2, point 54 |
| Article 2, point 36 | Article 2, point 55 |
| — | Article 2, points 56 to 77 |
| Article 37 | Article 3(1) |
| — | Article 3(2) to (7) |
| Article 3(2) | Article 4 |
| — | Article 5 |
| Article 3(1) and (2) | Article 6(1) and (2) |
| — | Article 6(3) and (4) |
| Article 5(11) | Article 6(5) |
| — | Article 6(6) |
| Article 7(1) and (2) | Article 7(1) and (2) |
| Article 7(3) | — |
| Article 7(4) | Article 7(3) |
| Article 4(1) and (2) | Article 8(1) and (2) |
| — | Article 8(3) to (11) |
| Article 4(3) and (4) | Article 8(12) and (13) |
| — | Article 8(14) and (15) |
| — | Article 9 |
| Article 8 | Article 10 |
| Article 3(3) and (12), and Annex I, paragraph 1, points (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g),and (j) | Article 11 |
| — | Article 12 |
| — | Article 13 |
| — | Article 14 |
| — | Article 15 |
| Annex I, paragraph 1, point (i) | Articles 16 and 19 |
| Annex I, paragraph 2 | Article 17 |
| — | Article 18 |
| — | Article 20 |
| — | Article 21 |
| Annex I, paragraph 1, point (h) | Article 22 |
| — | Article 23 |
| Article 3(9) | Article 24 |
| Article 3(9) and Annex I, paragraph 1, point (f) | Article 25 |
| Article 3(3) | Article 26 |
| — | Article 27 |
| — | Article 28 |
| — | Article 29 |
| — | Article 30 |
| Article 32 | Article 31 |
| Article 34 | Article 32 |
| Article 33 | Article 33 |
| Article 38 | Article 34 |
| — | Article 35 |
| — | Article 36 |
| — | Article 37 |
| Article 35 | Article 38(1) and (2) |
| — | Article 38(3) to (6) |
| Article 13(1) and (2) | Article 39(1) and (2) |
| — | Article 39(3) and (4) |
| Article 13(3) and (4) | Article 39(5) and (6) |
| — | Article 39(7), (8) and (9) |
| Article 13(5) | Article 39(10) |
| Article 16 | Article 40 |
| — | Article 41 |
| Article 23 | Article 42 |
| Article 24 | Article 43 |
| Article 25(1) | Article 44(1) |
| — | Article 44(2) |
| Article 25(2) to (5) | Article 44(3) to (6) |
| — | Article 44(7) and (8) |
| — | Article 45 |
| Article 26 | Article 46 |
| Article 27 | Article 47 |
| Article 28(1) to (4) | Article 48(1) to (4) |
| — | Article 48(5) |
| Article 29 | Article 49(1) |
| — | Article 49(2) and (3) |
| — | Article 50 |
| — | Article 51 |
| — | Article 52 |
| — | Article 53 |
| — | Article 54 |
| Article 22(1) | Article 55(1) first subparagraph |
| — | Article 55(1) second to fifth subparagraphs |
| Article 22(2) | Article 55(2) |
| — | Article 55(3) |
| Article 22(4) to (8) | Article 55(4) to (8) |
| — | Article 56 |
| — | Article 57 |
| — | Article 58 |
| — | Article 59 |
| Article 9 | Article 60 |
| Article 14 | Article 61 |
| Article 15 | Article 62 |
| Article 17 | Article 63 |
| Article 18(1) to (10) | Article 64(1) to (10) |
| — | Article 64(11) |
| Article 19 | Article 65 |
| Article 20 | Article 66 |
| Article 21 | Article 67 |
| — | Article 68 |
| — | Article 69 |
| — | Article 70 |
| Article 10 | Article 71 |
| Article 11 | Article 72 |
| Article 12 | Article 73 |
| Article 30 | Article 74 |
| Article 31 | Article 75 |
| Article 39 | Article 76(1) to (5) |
| — | Article 76(6) |
| Article 40 | Article 77 |
| Article 41(1) to (4) | Article 78(1) to (4) |
| — | Article 78(5) |
| Article 41(5) to (9) | Article 78(6) to (10) |
| Article 41(10) to (17) | Article 79(1) to (8) |
| Article 42 | Article 80 |
| Article 43 | Article 81 |
| Article 44 | Article 82 |
| Article 46(1) | Article 83 |
| Article 46(2) and (3) | — |
| Article 47 | Article 84 |
| Article 48a | Article 85 |
| — | Article 86 |
| — | Article 87 |
| Article 49a | Article 88(1), (2) and (3) |
| — | Article 88(4) |
| Article 49b | Article 89 |
| — | Article 90 |
| — | Article 91 |
| — | Article 92 |
| — | Article 93 |
| Article 54 | Article 94 |
| Article 53 | Article 95 |
| Article 55 | Article 96 |
| Article 56 | Article 97 |
| — | Annex I |
| — | Annex II |
| — | Annex III |
| Annex II | Annex IV |