Commission Directive 2008/128/EC of 22 December 2008 laying down specific purity criteria concerning colours for use in foodstuffs (Codified version) (Text with EEA relevance)
Modified by
  • Commission Directive 2011/3/EUof 17 January 2011amending Directive 2008/128/EC laying down specific purity criteria on colours for use in foodstuffs(Text with EEA relevance), 32011L0003, January 18, 2011
  • Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012of 9 March 2012laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council(Text with EEA relevance), 32012R0231, March 22, 2012
Commission Directive 2008/128/ECof 22 December 2008laying down specific purity criteria concerning colours for use in foodstuffs(Codified version)(Text with EEA relevance) THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community, Having regard to Council Directive 89/107/EEC of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States concerning food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs intended for human consumptionOJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 27., and in particular Article 3(3)(a) thereof, Whereas: (1)Commission Directive 95/45/EC of 26 July 1995 laying down specific criteria concerning colours for use in foodstuffsOJ L 226, 22.9.1995, p. 1. has been substantially amended several timesSee Annex II, Part A.. In the interests of clarity and rationality the said Directive should be codified. (2)It is necessary to establish purity criteria for all colours mentioned in European Parliament and Council Directive 94/36/EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in foodstuffsOJ L 237, 10.9.1994, p. 13.. (3)It is necessary to take into account the specifications and analytical techniques for colours as set out in the Codex Alimentarius as drafted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (4)Food additives prepared by production methods or starting materials significantly different from those evaluated by the Scientific Committee for Food or different from those mentioned in this Directive should be submitted for safety evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority with emphasis on the purity criteria. (5)The measures provided for in this Directive are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health. (6)This Directive should be without prejudice to the obligations of the Member States relating to the time-limits for transposition into national law of the Directives set out in Annex II, Part B, HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:
Article 1 The purity criteria referred to in Article 3(3)(a) of Directive 89/107/EEC for colours mentioned in Directive 94/36/EC are set out in Annex I hereto.
Article 2 Directive 95/45/EC, as amended by the Directives listed in Annex II, Part A, is repealed, without prejudice to the obligations of the Member States relating to the time-limits for transposition into national law of the Directives set out in Annex II, Part B. References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as references to this Directive and shall be read in accordance with the correlation table in Annex III.
Article 3 This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
Article 4 This Directive is addressed to the Member States.
null ANNEX I A.GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALUMINIUM LAKES OF COLOURS
Definition Aluminium lakes are prepared by reacting colours complying with the purity criteria set out in the appropriate specification monograph with alumina under aqueous conditions. The alumina is usually freshly prepared undried material made by reacting aluminium sulfate or chloride with sodium or calcium carbonate or bicarbonate or ammonia. Following lake formation, the product is filtered, washed with water and dried. Unreacted alumina may also be present in the finished product.
HCl insoluble matter Not more than 0,5 %
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % (under neutral conditions)Specific purity criteria for the corresponding colours are applicable.
 B.SPECIFIC CRITERIA OF PURITY
Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm. Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units. Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate is defined as the absorbance of the precipitate at 280 nm divided by the absorbance at 560 nm (1 cm cell). Benzene not more than 0,05 % v/v. E 100 CURCUMIN Identification Purity E 101 (i) RIBOFLAVIN Identification Purity E 101 (ii) RIBOFLAVIN-5′-PHOSPHATE Identification Purity E 102 TARTRAZINE Identification Purity E 104 QUINOLINE YELLOW Identification Purity E 110 SUNSET YELLOW FCF Identification Purity E 120 COCHINEAL, CARMINIC ACID, CARMINES Identification Purity E 122 AZORUBINE, CARMOISINE Identification Purity E 123 AMARANTH Identification Purity E 124 PONCEAU 4R, COCHINEAL RED A Identification Purity E 127 ERYTHROSINE Identification Purity E 128 RED 2G Identification Purity E 129 ALLURA RED AC Identification Purity E 131 PATENT BLUE V Identification Purity E 132 INDIGOTINE, INDIGO CARMINE Identification Purity E 133 BRILLIANT BLUE FCF Identification Purity E 140 (i) CHLOROPHYLLS Identification Purity E 140 (ii) CHLOROPHYLLINS Identification Purity E 141 (i) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS Identification Purity E 141 (ii) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLINS Identification Purity E 142 GREEN S Identification Purity E 150a PLAIN CARAMEL Purity E 150b CAUSTIC SULPHITE CARAMEL Purity E 150c AMMONIA CARAMEL Purity E 150d SULPHITE AMMONIA CARAMEL Purity E 151 BRILLIANT BLACK BN, BLACK PN Identification Purity E 153 VEGETABLE CARBON Identification Purity E 154 BROWN FK Identification Purity E 155 BROWN HT Identification Purity E 160a (i) MIXED CAROTENES 1.Plant carotenes Identification Purity 2.Algal carotenes Identification Purity E 160a (ii) BETA-CAROTENE 1.Beta-carotene Identification Purity 2.Beta-carotene from Blakeslea trispora Identification Purity Mycotoxins: Microbiology: E 160b ANNATTO, BIXIN, NORBIXIN Definition Identification (i)Solvent extracted bixin and norbixin Purity (ii)Alkali extracted annatto Purity (iii)Oil extracted annatto Purity E 160c PAPRIKA EXTRACT, CAPSANTHIN, CAPSORUBIN Identification Purity E 160 D LYCOPENE (i)synthetic lycopene Identification Purity (ii)from red tomatoes Identification Purity (iii)from Blakeslea trispora Identification Purity E 160e BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENAL (C30) Identification Purity E 160f ETHYL ESTER OF BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENOIC ACID (C30) Identification Purity E 161b LUTEIN Identification Purity E 161g CANTHAXANTHIN Identification Purity E 162 BEETROOT RED, BETANIN Identification Purity E 163 ANTHOCYANINS Identification Purity E 170 CALCIUM CARBONATE Identification Purity E 171 TITANIUM DIOXIDE Identification Purity E 172 IRON OXIDES AND IRON HYDROXIDES Identification Purity E 173 ALUMINIUM Identification Purity E 174 SILVER E 175 GOLD Purity E 180 LITHOLRUBINE BK Identification Purity
Synonyms CI Natural Yellow 3, Turmeric Yellow, Diferoyl Methane
Definition Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes of natural strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin powder, the extract is purified by crystallisation. The product consists essentially of curcumins; i.e. the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occuring in turmeric may be present.Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone, carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane.
Class Dicinnamoylmethane
Colour Index No 75300
Einecs 207-280-5
Chemical names I1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dioneII1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dioneIII1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione
Chemical formula IC21H20O6IIC20H18O5IIIC19H16O4
Molecular weight I.368,39 II.338,39 III.308,39
Assay Content not less than 90 % total colouring mattersE1 cm1 % 1607 at ca 426 nm in ethanol
Description Orange-yellow crystalline powder
A.Spectrometry Maximum in ethanol at ca 426 nm
B.Melting Range 179 °C-182 °C
Solvent residues EthylacetateAcetonen-butanolMethanolEthanolHexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Lactoflavin
Class Isoalloxazine
Einecs 201-507-1
Chemical names 7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine
Chemical formula C17H20N4O6
Molecular weight 376,37
Assay Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basisE1 cm1 % 328 at ca 444 nm in aqueous solution
Description Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour
A.Spectrometry The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,36 and 0,39 in aqueous solution
Maximum in water at ca 444 nm
B.Specific rotation [α]D20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution
Loss on drying Not more than 1,5 % after drying at 105 °C for 4 hrs
Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %
Primary aromatic amines Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium
Definition These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate
Class Isoalloxazine
Einecs 204-988-6
Chemical names Monosodium(2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate;monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin
Chemical formula For the dihydrate formC17H20N4NaO9P·2H2O For the anhydrous formC17H20N4NaO9P
Molecular weight 541,36
Assay Content not less than 95 % total colouring matters calculated as C17H20N4NaO9P·2H2OE1 cm1 % 250 at ca 375 nm in aqueous solution
Description Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour and a bitter taste
A.Spectrometry The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,35 and 0,40 in aqueous solution
Maximum in water at ca 444 nm
B.Specific rotation [α]D20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution
Loss on drying Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hrs in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form
Sulfated ash Not more than 25 %
Inorganic phosphate Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis)
Subsidiary colouring matters Riboflavin (free)Not more than 6 % Riboflavine diphosphateNot more than 6 %
Primary aromatic amines Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Yellow 4
Definition Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 19140
Einecs 217-699-5
Chemical names Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate
Chemical formula C16H9N4Na3O9S2
Molecular weight 534,37
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 530 at ca 426 nm in aqueous solution
Description Light orange powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 426 nm
B.Yellow solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-hydrazinobenzene sulfonic acid 4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid 5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-2-pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid 4,4′-diazoaminodi (benzene sulfonic acid) Tetrahydroxysuccinic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Yellow 13
Definition Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione. Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates (principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of the above compound and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Chinophthalone
Colour Index No 47005
Einecs 305-897-5
Chemical name The disodium salts of the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione (principal component)
Chemical formula C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component)
Molecular weight 477,38 (principal component)
Assay Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium saltQuinoline Yellow shall have the following composition:Of the total colouring matters present: not less than 80 % shall be disodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-disulfonates not more than 15 % shall be sodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-monosulfonates not more than 7,0 % shall be trisodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-trisulfonateE1 cm1 % 865 (principal component) at ca 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution
Description Yellow powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous acetic acid solution of pH 5 at ca 411 nm
B.Yellow solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 4,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
2-methylquinoline 2-methylquinoline-sulfonic acid Phthalic acid 2,6-dimethyl quinoline 2,6-dimethyl quinoline sulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione Not more than 4 mg/kg
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Yellow 3, Orange Yellow S
Definition Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 15985
Einecs 220-491-7
Chemical names Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate
Chemical formula C16H10N2Na2O7S2
Molecular weight 452,37
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 555 at ca 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description Orange-red powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 485 nm at pH 7
B.Orange solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 5,0 %
1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (Sudan I) Not more than 0,5 mg/kg
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid 4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene sulfonic acid) 6,6′-oxydi(naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid) Total not more than 0,5 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Definition Carmines and carminic acid are obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa.The colouring principle is carminic acid.Aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines) can be formed in which aluminium and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2.In commercial products the colouring principle is present in association with ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination, and these cations may also be present in excess.Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the source insect, and may also contain free carminate or a small residue of unbound aluminium cations.
Class Anthraquinone
Colour Index No 75470
Einecs Cochineal: 215-680-6; carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4
Chemical names 7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this acid
Chemical formula C22H20O13 (carminic acid)
Molecular weight 492,39 (carminic acid)
Assay Content not less than 2,0 % carminic acid in the extracts containing carminic acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates.
Description Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder. Cochineal extract is generally a dark red liquid but can also be dried as a powder.
Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca 518 nmMaximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca 494 nm for carminic acid
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Red 3
Definition Azorubine consists essentially of disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 14720
Einecs 222-657-4
Chemical name Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate
Chemical formula C20H12N2Na2O7S2
Molecular weight 502,44
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 510 at ca 516 nm in aqueous solution
Description Red to maroon powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 516 nm
B.Red solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 2,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Red 9
Definition Amaranth consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 16185
Einecs 213-022-2
Chemical name Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate
Chemical formula C20H11N2Na3O10S3
Molecular weight 604,48
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 440 at ca 520 nm in aqueous solution
Description Reddish-brown powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 520 nm
B.Red solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 3,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Red 7, New Coccine
Definition Ponceau 4R consists essentially of trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 16255
Einecs 220-036-2
Chemical name Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate
Chemical formula C20H11N2Na3O10S3
Molecular weight 604,48
Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt.E1 cm1 % 430 at ca 505 nm in aqueous solution
Description Reddish powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 505 nm
B.Red solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid 3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-6-trisulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Red 14
Definition Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Xanthen
Colour Index No 45430
Einecs 240-474-8
Chemical name Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate
Chemical formula C20H6I4Na2O5.H2O
Molecular weight 897,88
Assay Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous sodium saltE1 cm1 % 1100 at ca 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description Red powder or granules.
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 526 nm at pH 7
B.Red solution in water
Inorganic iodides calculated as sodium iodide Not more than 0,1 %
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters (except fluorescein) Not more than 4,0 %
Fluorescein Not more than 20 mg/kg
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
Tri-iodoresorcinol Not more than 0,2 %
2-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diodobenzoyl) benzoic acid Not more than 0,2 %
Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Aluminium Lakes The hydrochloric acid insoluble matter method is not applicable. It is replaced by a sodium hydroxide insoluble matter, at not more than 0,5 %, for this colour only.
Synonyms CI Food Red 10, Azogeranine
Definition Red 2G consists essentially of disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazonaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Red 2G is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 18050
Einecs 223-098-9
Chemical name Disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazo-naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate
Chemical formula C18H13N3Na2O8S2
Molecular weight 509,43
Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 620 at ca 532 nm in aqueous solution
Description Red powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 532 nm
B.Red solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 2,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
5-acetamido-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid 5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Red 17
Definition Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 16035
Einecs 247-368-0
Chemical name Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate
Chemical formula C18H14N2Na2O8S2
Molecular weight 496,42
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 540 at ca 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description Dark red powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 504 nm
B.Red solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 3,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt Not more than 0,3 %
4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenezene sulfonic acid Not more than 0,2 %
6,6-oxybis (2-naphthalene sulfonic acid) disodium salt Not more than 1,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Blue 5
Definition Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner salt and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate and/or calcium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.The potassium salt is also permitted.
Class Triarylmethane
Colour Index No 42051
Einecs 222-573-8
Chemical names The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium hydroxide inner salt
Chemical formula Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2CaSodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na
Molecular weight Calcium compound: 579,72Sodium compound: 582,67
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 2000 at ca 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5
Description Dark-blue powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5
B.Blue solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 2,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
3-hydroxy benzaldehyde 3-hydroxy benzoic acid 3-hydroxy-4-sulfobenzoic acid N,N-diethylamino benzene sulfonic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
Leuco base Not more than 4,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Blue 1
Definition Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate, and disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Indigoid
Colour Index No 73015
Einecs 212-728-8
Chemical names Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate
Chemical formula C16H8N2Na2O8S2
Molecular weight 466,36
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt;disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 %E1 cm1 % 480 at ca 610 nm in aqueous solution
Description Dark-blue powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 610 nm
B.Blue solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
Isatin-5-sulfonic acid 5-sulfoanthranilic acid Anthranilic acid Total not more than 0,5 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Blue 2
Definition Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Triarylmethane
Colour Index No 42090
Einecs 223-339-8
Chemical names Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate
Chemical formula C37H34N2Na2O9S3
Molecular weight 792,84
Assay Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 1630 at ca 630 nm in aqueous solution
Description Reddish-blue powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 630 nm
B.Blue solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 6,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
Sum of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl benzene sulfonic acids Not more than 1,5 %
3-((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl) amino) methyl benzene sulfonic acid Not more than 0,3 %
Leuco base Not more than 5,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Natural Green 3, Magnesium Chlorophyll, Magnesium Phaeophytin
Definition Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the naturally present co-ordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Class Porphyrin
Colour Index No 75810
Einecs Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4
Chemical names The major colouring principles are: Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta [at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin a), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll a) Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin b), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll b)
Chemical formula Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6
Molecular weight Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51Chlorophyll a: 871,22Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49Chlorophyll b: 885,20
Assay Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not less than 10 %E1 cm1 % 700 at ca 409 nm in chloroform
Description Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the content of co-ordinated magnesium
Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform at ca 409 nm
Solvent residues AcetoneMethyl Ethyl ketoneMethanolEthanolPropan-2-olHexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Natural Green 5, Sodium Chlorophyllin, Potassium Chlorophyllin
Definition The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent extract of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralized to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Class Porphyrin
Colour Index No 75815
Einecs 287-483-3
Chemical names The major colouring principles in their acid forms are: 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin a)and 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate (chlorophyllin b)Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function.Magnesium complexes may also be present.
Chemical formula Chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H34N4O5Chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H32N4O6
Molecular weight Chlorophyllin a: 578,68Chlorophyllin b: 592,66Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.
Assay Content of total chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at ca 100 °C for 1 hour.E1 cm1 % 700 at ca 405 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9E1 cm1 % 140 at ca 653 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9
Description Dark green to blue/black powder
Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9 at ca 405 nm and at ca 653 nm
Solvent residues AcetoneMethyl ethyl ketoneMethanolEthanolPropan-2-olHexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Natural Green 3, Copper Chlorophyll, Copper Phaeophytin
Definition Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the substance obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Class Porphyrin
Colour Index No 75815
Einecs Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5
Chemical names [Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a)[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b)
Chemical formula Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6
Molecular weight Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73
Assay Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %.E1 cm1 % 540 at ca 422 nm in chloroformE1 cm1 % 300 at ca 652 nm in chloroform
Description Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the source material
Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform at ca 422 nm and at ca 652 nm
Solvent residues AcetoneMethyl ethyl ketoneMethanolEthanolPropan-2-olHexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Copper ions Not more than 200 mg/kg
Total copper Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins
Synonyms Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin, Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin, CI Natural Green 5
Definition The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne, and nettle; the saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid groups are neutralized to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.
Class Porphyrin
Colour Index No 75815
Einecs
Chemical names The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a)and3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl) propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)
Chemical formula Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6
Molecular weight Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.
Assay Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at 100 °C for 1 h.E1 cm1 % 565 at ca 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5E1 cm1 % 145 at ca 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5
Description Dark green to blue/black powder
Spectrometry Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca 405 nm and at ca 630 nm
Solvent residues AcetoneMethyl ethyl ketoneMethanolEthanolPropan-2-olHexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Copper ions Not more than 200 mg/kg
Total copper Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins
Synonyms CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS
Definition Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds.Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Triarylmethane
Colour Index No 44090
Einecs 221-409-2
Chemical names Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium;Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical name).
Chemical formula C27H25N2NaO7S2
Molecular Weight 576,63
Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 1720 at ca 632 nm in aqueous solution
Description Dark blue or dark green powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 632 nm
B.Blue or green solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 1,0 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzhydryl alcohol Not more than 0,1 %
4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-benzophenone Not more than 0,1 %
3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid Not more than 0,2 %
Leuco base Not more than 5,0 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Definition Plain caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelization, acids, alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium compounds and sulphites.
Einecs 232-435-9
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose Not more than 50 %
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose Not more than 50 %
Colour intensity 0,01-0,12
Total nitrogen Not more than 0,1 %
Total sulphur Not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg
Definition Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium compounds are used.
Einecs 232-435-9
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose More than 50 %
Colour intensity 0,05-0,13
Total nitrogen Not more than 0,3 %
Sulphur dioxide Not more than 0,2 %
Total sulphur 0,3-3,5 %
Sulphur bound by DEAE cellulose More than 40 %
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by DEAE cellulose 19-34
Absorbance ratio(A 280/560) Greater than 50
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg
Definition Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence of ammonium compounds (ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite compounds are used.
Einecs 232-435-9
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose Not more than 50 %
Colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose More than 50 %
Colour intensity 0,08-0,36
Ammoniacal nitrogen Not more than 0,3 %
4-methylimidazole Not more than 250 mg/kg
2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butylimidazole Not more than 10 mg/kg
Total sulphur Not more than 0,2 %
Total nitrogen 0,7-3,3 %
Absorbance ratio of colour bound by phosphoryl cellulose 13-35
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg
Definition Sulphite ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and ammonium hydrogen sulphite).
Einecs 232-435-9
Description Dark brown to black liquids or solids
Colour bound by DEAE cellulose More than 50 %
Colour intensity 0,10-0,60
Ammoniacal nitrogen Not more than 0,6 %
Sulphur dioxide Not more than 0,2 %
4-methylimidazole Not more than 250 mg/kg
Total nitrogen 0,3-1,7 %
Total sulphur 0,8-2,5 %
Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of alcohol precipitate 0,7-2,7
Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate 8-14
Absorbance ratio (A 280/560) Not more than 50
Arsenic Not more than 1 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 25 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Black 1
Definition Brilliant Black BN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Brilliant Black BN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Bisazo
Colour Index No 28440
Einecs 219-746-5
Chemical names Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate
Chemical formula C28H17N5Na4O14S4
Molecular weight 867,69
Assay Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium saltE1 cm1 % 530 at ca 570 nm in solution
Description Black powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water at ca 570 nm
B.Black-bluish solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 10 % (expressed on the dye content)
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-acetamido-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid 4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,7-disulfonic acid 8-aminonaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 4,4′-diazoaminodi-(benzenesulfonic acid) Total not more than 0,8 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Vegetable black
Definition Vegetable carbon is produced by the carbonization of vegetable material such as wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The raw material is carbonised at high temperatures. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.
Colour Index No 77266
Einecs 215-609-9
Chemical names Carbon
Chemical formula C
Molecular weight 12,01
Assay Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free basis
Description Black powder, odourless and tasteless
A.Solubility Insoluble in water and organic solvents
B.Burning When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame
Ash (Total) Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons The extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure cyclohexane in a continuous extraction apparatus shall be colourless, and the fluorescence of the extract in ultraviolet light shall not be more intense than that of a solution of 0,100 mg of quinine sulfate in 1000 ml of 0,01 M sulphuric acid.
Loss on drying Not more than 12 % (120 °C, 4 hrs)
Alkali soluble matter The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless
Synonyms CI Food Brown 1
Definition Brown FK consists essentially of a mixture of: Isodium 4-(2,4-diaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate IIsodium 4-(4,6-diamino-m-tolylazo) benzenesulfonate IIIdisodium 4,4′-(4,6-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) IVdisodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) Vdisodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-5-methyl-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) VItrisodium 4,4′,4″-(2,4-diaminobenzene-1,3,5-trisazo)tri-(benzenesulfonate)and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Brown FK is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Azo (a mixture of mono-, bis- and trisazo colours)
Einecs
Chemical names A mixture of: Isodium 4-(2,4-diaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate IIsodium 4-(4,6-diamino-m-tolylazo) benzenesulfonate IIIdisodium 4,4′-(4,6-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) IVdisodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) Vdisodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-5-methyl-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate) VItrisodium 4,4′,4″-(2,4-diaminobenzene-1,3,5-trisazo)tri-(benzenesulfonate)
Chemical formula IC12H11N4NaO3S IIC13H13N4NaO3S IIIC18H14N6Na2O6S2 IVC18H14N6Na2O6S2 VC19H16N6Na2O6S2 VIC24H17N8Na3O9S3
Molecular weight I314,30 II328,33 III520,46 IV520,46 V534,47 VI726,59
Assay Content not less than 70 % total colouring mattersOf the total colouring matters present the proportions of the components shall not exceed: I26 % II17 % III17 % IV16 % V20 % VI16 %
Description Red-brown powder or granules
Orange to reddish solution
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 3,5 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid Not more than 0,7 %
m-phenylenediamine and 4-methyl-m-phenylenediamine Not more than 0,35 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines other than m-phenylene diamine and 4-methyl-m-phenylene diamine Not more than 0,007 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Brown 3
Definition Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo) di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are also permitted.
Class Bisazo
Colour Index No 20285
Einecs 224-924-0
Chemical names Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di (naphthalene-1-sulfonate)
Chemical formula C27H18N4Na2O9S2
Molecular Weight 652,57
Assay Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt.E1 cm1 % 403 at ca 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7
Description Reddish-brown powder or granules
A.Spectrometry Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca 460 nm
B.Brown solution in water
Water insoluble matter Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 10 % (TLC method)
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
4-aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Not more than 0,7 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)
Ether extractable matter Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5
Definition Mixed carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle.The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, dichloromethane and carbon dioxide.
Class Carotenoid
Colour Index No 75130
Einecs 230-636-6
Chemical formula Beta-carotene: C40H56
Molecular weight Beta-carotene: 536,88
Assay Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 5 %. For products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not less than 0,2 % in edible fats.E1 cm1 % 2500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm
Solvent residues AcetoneMethyl ethyl ketoneMethanolPropan-2-olHexaneEthanol Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 5 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5
Definition Mixed carotenes may also be produced from natural strains of the algae Dunaliella salina, grown in large saline lakes located in Whyalla, South Australia. Beta-carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 % suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to 71/29.The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.
Class Carotenoid
Colour Index No 75130
Chemical formula Beta-Carotene: C40H56
Molecular weight Beta-Carotene: 536,88
Assay Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 %E1 cm1 % 2500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm
Natural tocopherols in edible oil Not more than 0,3 %
Lead Not more than 5 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5
Definition These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.
Class Carotenoid
Colour Index No 40800
Einecs 230-636-6
Chemical names Beta-carotene, beta, beta-carotene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,88
Assay Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)E1 cm1 % 2500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm
Sulfated ash Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Orange 5
Definition Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual mating types (+) and (–) of natural strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate, or isobutyl acetate followed by isopropyl alcohol, and crystallised. The crystallised product consists mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 % of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.
Class Carotenoid
Colour Index No 40800
Einecs 230-636-6
Chemical names Beta-carotene, beta,beta-carotene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,88
Assay Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)E1 cm1 % 2500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane
Description Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm
Solvent residues Ethyl acetateEthanol Not more than 0,8 %, singly or in combination
Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %
Isopropyl alcohol: Not more than 0,1 %
Sulfated ash Not more than 0,2 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Aflatoxin B1 Absent
Trichothecene (T2) Absent
Ochratoxin Absent
Zearalenone Absent
Moulds Not more than 100/g
Yeasts Not more than 100/g
Salmonella Absent in 25 g
Escherichia coli Absent in 5 g
Synonyms CI Natural Orange 4
Class Carotenoid
Colour Index No 75120
Einecs Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7
Chemical names Bixin6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate Norbixin9′Cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid9′-Trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid
Chemical formula BixinC25H30O4 NorbixinC24H28O4
Molecular weight Bixin394,51 Norbixin380,48
Description Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution
Spectrometry Bixinmaximum in chloroform at ca 502 nm Norbixinmaximum in dilute KOH solution at ca 482 nm
Definition Bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following solvents: acetone, methanol, hexane or dichloromethane, carbon dioxide followed by the removal of the solvent.Norbixin is prepared by hydrolysis by aqueous alkali of the extracted bixin.Bixin and norbixin may contain other materials extracted from the annatto seed.The bixin powder contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans- forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.The norbixin powder contains the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans-forms may be present.
Assay Content of bixin powders not less than 75 % total carotenoids calculated as bixin.Content of norbixin powders not less than 25 % total carotenoids calculated as norbixin BixinE1 cm1 % 2870 at ca 502 nm in chloroform NorbixinE1 cm1 % 2870 at ca 482 nm in KOH solution
Solvent residues AcetoneMethanolHexane not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Definition Water soluble annatto is prepared by extraction with aqueous alkali (sodium or potassium hydroxide) of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.)Water soluble annatto contains norbixin, the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the sodium or potassium salts, as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans- forms may be present.
Assay Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as norbixin NorbixinE1 cm1 % 2870 at ca 482 nm in KOH solution
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Definition Annatto extracts in oil, as solution or suspension, are prepared by extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with edible vegetable oil. Annatto extract in oil contains several coloured components, the major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and transforms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.
Assay Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as bixin BixinE1 cm1 % 2870 at ca 502 nm in chloroform
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Paprika Oleoresin
Definition Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of paprika, which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other coloured compounds is known to be present.Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and carbon dioxide.
Class Carotenoid
Einecs Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2
Chemical names Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,k-carotene-6-oneCapsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-k,k-carotene-6,6′-dione
Chemical formula Capsanthin: C40H56O3Capsorubin: C40H56O4
Molecular weight Capsanthin: 584,85Capsorubin: 600,85
Assay Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoidsCapsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoidsE1 cm1 % 2100 at ca 462 nm in acetone
Description Dark-red viscous liquid
A.Spectrometry Maximum in acetone at ca 462 nm
B.Colour reaction A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulfuric acid to one drop of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform
Solvent residues Ethyl acetateMethanolEthanolAcetoneHexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Capsaicin Not more than 250 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Lycopene from chemical synthesis
Definition Synthetic lycopene is a mixture of geometric isomeres of lycopenes and is produced by the Wittig condensation of synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids used in food. Synthetic lycopene consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene together with 5-cis-lycopene and minor quantities of other isomers. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water- soluble powder.
Colour Index No 75125
EINECS 207-949-1
Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,85
Assay Not less than 96 % total lycopenes (not less than 70 % all-translycopene)E1 cm 1 % at 465 - 475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-translycopene) is 3450
Description Red crystalline powder
Spectrophotometry A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm
Test for carotenoids The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid
Solubility Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour
Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)
Apo-12’-lycopenal Not more than 0,15 %
Triphenyl phosphine oxide Not more than 0,01 %
Solvent residues Methanol not more than 200 mg/kg,Hexane, Propan-2-ol: Not more than 10 mg/kg each.Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg
Synonyms Natural Yellow 27
Definition Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of red tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the following solvent may be used:carbon dioxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol, hexane. The major colouring principle of tomatoes is lycopene, minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments may be present. Besides the colour pigments the product may contain oil, fats, waxes and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.
Colour Index No 75125
EINECS 207-949-1
Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,85
Assay E1 cm1 % at 465 - 475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-translycopene) is 3450.Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters
Description Dark red viscous liquid
Spectrophotometry Maximum in hexane at ca 472 nm
Solvent residues Propane-2-olHexaneAcetoneEthanolMethanolEthylacetateNot more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Sulphated ash Not more than 1 %
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 2 mg/kg
Synonyms Natural Yellow 27
Definition Lycopene from Blakeslea trispora is extracted from the fungal biomass and purified by crystallisation and filtration. It consists predominantly of all-trans-lycopene. It also contains minor quantities of other carotenoids. Isopropanol and isobutyl acetate are the only solvents used in the manufacture. Commercial lycopene preparations intended for use in food are formulated as suspensions in edible oils or water-dispersible or water-soluble powder.
Colour Index No 75125
EINECS 207-949-1
Chemical name Ψ,Ψ-carotene, all-trans-lycopene, (all-E)-lycopene, (all-E)-2,6,10,14,19,23,27,31-octamethyl-2,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,26,30-dotriacontatridecaene
Chemical formula C40H56
Molecular weight 536,85
Assay Not less than 95 % total lycopenes and not less than 90 % all-translycopene of all colouring mattersE1 cm1 % at 465 - 475 nm in hexane (for 100 % pure all-translycopene) is 3450
Description Red crystalline powder
Spectrophotometry A solution in hexane shows an absorption maximum at approximately 470 nm
Test of carotenoids The colour of the solution of the sample in acetone disappears after successive additions of a 5 % solution of sodium nitrite and 1N sulphuric acid
Solubility Insoluble in water, freely soluble in chloroform
Properties of 1 % solution in chloroform Is clear and has intensive red-orange colour
Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (40 °C, 4 h at 20 mm Hg)
Other carotenoids Not more than 5 %
Solvent residues Propan-2-ol: Not more than 0,1 %Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg (in commercial preparations only)
Sulphated ash Not more than 0,3 %
Lead Not more than 1 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Orange 6
Definition These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenal together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.
Class Carotinoid
Colour Index No 40820
Einecs 214-171-6
Chemical names β-apo-8′-carotenal, Trans-β-apo-8′carotene-aldehyde
Chemical formula C30H40O
Molecular weight 416,65
Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring mattersE1 cm1 % 2640 at ca 460-462 nm in cyclohexane
Description Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm
Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal:not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Orange 7, β-apo-8′-carotenoic ester
Definition These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomer of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.
Class Carotenoid
Colour Index No 40825
Einecs 214-173-7
Chemical names β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester, ethyl 8′-apo-β-caroten-8′-oate
Chemical formula C32H44O2
Molecular weight 460,70
Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring mattersE1 cm1 % 2550 at ca 449 nm in cyclohexane
Description Red to violet-red crystals or crystalline powder
Spectrometry Maximum in cyclohexane at ca 449 nm
Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Mixed Carotenoids, Xanthophylls
Definition Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of edible fruits and plants, grass, lucerne (alfalfa) and tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material.Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane and carbon dioxide
Class Carotenoid
Einecs 204-840-0
Chemical names 3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene
Chemical formula C40H56O2
Molecular weight 568,88
Assay Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as luteinE1 cm1 % 2550 at ca 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)
Description Dark, yellowish brown liquid
Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) at ca 445 nm
Solvent residues AcetoneMethyl ethyl ketoneMethanolEthanolPropan-2-olHexane Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Food Orange 8
Definition These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomers of canthaxanthin together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer ratios.
Class Carotinoid
Colour Index No 40850
Einecs 208-187-2
Chemical names β-Carotene-4,4′-dione, canthaxanthin, 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene
Chemical formula C40H52O2
Molecular weight 564,86
Assay Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin) E1 cm1 % 2200at ca 485 nm in chloroformat 468-472 nm in cyclohexaneat 464-467 nm in petroleum ether
Description Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder
Spectrometry Maximum in chloroform at ca 485 nmMaximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nmMaximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm
Sulfated ash Not more than 0,1 %
Subsidiary colouring matters Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring matters
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Beet Red
Definition Beet red is obtained from the roots of natural strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine. The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation products of betalaines (light brown) may be present.Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and proteins.
Class Betalaine
Einecs 231-628-5
Chemical names (S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate
Chemical formula Betanin: C24H26N2O13
Molecular weight 550,48
Assay Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 %E1 cm1 % 1120 at ca 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5
Description Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid
Spectrometry Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca 535 nm
Nitrate Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Definition Anthocyanins are obtained by extraction with sulphited water, acidified water, carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the natural strains of vegetables and edible fruits. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material, namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not necessarily in the same proportions as found in the source material.
Class Anthocyanin
Einecs 208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin)
Chemical names 3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin)3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin)3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin)3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride (delphinidin)3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin)3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin)
Chemical formula Cyanidin: C15H11O6ClPeonidin: C16H13O6ClMalvidin: C17H15O7ClDelphinidin: C15H11O7ClPetunidin: C16H13O7ClPelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl
Molecular weight Cyanidin: 322,6Peonidin: 336,7Malvidin: 366,7Delphinidin: 340,6Petunidin: 352,7Pelargonidin: 306,7
Assay E1 cm1 % 300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0
Description Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour
Spectrometry Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HClCyanidin: 535 nmPeonidin: 532 nmMalvidin: 542 nmDelphinidin: 546 nmPetunidin: 543 nmPelargonidin: 530 nm
Solvent residues MethanolEthanol Not more than 50 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Sulfur dioxide Not more than 1000 mg/kg per percent pigment
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Pigment White 18, Chalk
Definition Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.
Class Inorganic
Colour Index No 77220
Einecs Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9Limestone: 215-279-6
Chemical names Calcium carbonate
Chemical formula CaCO3
Molecular weight 100,1
Assay Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis
Description White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder
Solubility Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.
Loss on drying Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours)
Acid-insoluble substances Not more than 0,2 %
Magnesium and alkali salts Not more than 1,5 %
Fluoride Not more than 50 mg/kg
Antimony (as Sb)Copper (as Cu)Chromium (as Cr)Zinc (as Zn)Barium (as Ba) Not more than 100 mg/kg, singly or in combination
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Pigment White 6
Definition Titanium dioxide consists essentially of pure anatase and/or rutile titanium dioxide which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to improve the technological properties of the product.
Class Inorganic
Colour Index No 77891
Einecs 236-675-5
Chemical names Titanium dioxide
Chemical formula TiO2
Molecular weight 79,88
Assay Content not less than 99 % on an alumina and silica-free basis
Description White to slightly coloured powder
Solubility Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid and in hot concentrated sulfuric acid.
Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 3 hours)
Loss on ignition Not more than 1,0 % on a volatile matter free basis (800 °C)
Aluminium oxide and/or silicon dioxide Total not more than 2,0 %
Matter soluble in 0,5 N HCl Not more than 0,5 % on an alumina and silica-free basis and, in addition, for products containing alumina and/or silica, not more than 1,5 % on the basis of the product as sold.
Water soluble matter Not more than 0,5 %
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Antimony Not more than 50 mg/kg by total dissolution
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg by total dissolution
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg by total dissolution
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg by total dissolution
Zink Not more than 50 mg/kg by total dissolution
Synonyms Iron Oxide YellowCI Pigment Yellow 42 and 43 Iron Oxide RedCI Pigment Red 101 and 102 Iron Oxide BlackCI Pigment Black 11
Definition Iron oxides and iron hydroxides are produced synthetically and consist essentially of anhydrous and/or hydrated iron oxides. The range of hues includes yellows, reds, browns and blacks. Food quality iron oxides are primarily distinguished from technical grades by the comparatively low levels of contamination by other metals. This is achieved by the selection and control of the source of the iron and/or by the extent of chemical purification during the manufacturing process.
Class Inorganic
Colour Index No Iron Oxide Yellow77492 Iron Oxide Red77491 Iron Oxide Black77499
Einecs Iron Oxide Yellow257-098-5 Iron Oxide Red215-168-2 Iron Oxide Black235-442-5
Chemical names Iron Oxide Yellowhydrated ferric oxide, hydrated iron (III) oxide Iron Oxide Redanhydrous ferric oxide, anhydrous iron (III) oxide Iron Oxide Blackferroso ferric oxide, iron (II, III) oxide
Chemical formula Iron Oxide YellowFeO(OH)·H2O Iron Oxide RedFe2O3 Iron Oxide BlackFeO·Fe2O3
Molecular weight 88,85FeO(OH) 159,70Fe2O3 231,55FeO·Fe2O3
Assay Yellow not less than 60 %, red and black not less than 68 % total iron, expressed as iron
Description Powder; yellow, red, brown or black in hue
Solubility Insoluble in water and in organic solventsSoluble in concentrated mineral acids
Water soluble matter Not more than 1,0 % By total dissolution
Arsenic Not more than 5 mg/kg
Barium Not more than 50 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 5 mg/kg
Chromium Not more than 100 mg/kg
Copper Not more than 50 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 20 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Nickel Not more than 200 mg/kg
Zinc Not more than 100 mg/kg
Synonyms CI Pigment Metal, Al
Definition Aluminium powder is composed of finely divided particles of aluminium. The grinding may or may not be carried out in the presence of edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids. It is free from admixture with substances other than edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids.
Colour Index No 77000
Einecs 231-072-3
Chemical names Aluminium
Chemical formula Al
Atomic weight 26,98
Assay Not less than 99 % calculated as Al on an oil-free basis
Description A silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets
Solubility Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. The resulting solution gives positive tests for aluminium.
Loss on drying Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
Synonyms Argentum, Ag
Class Inorganic
Colour Index No 77820
Einecs 231-131-3
Chemical names Silver
Chemical formula Ag
Atomic weight 107,87
Assay Content not less than 99,5 % Ag
Description Silver-coloured powder or tiny sheets
Synonyms Pigment Metal 3, Aurum, Au
Class Inorganic
Colour Index No 77480
Einecs 231-165-9
Chemical names Gold
Chemical formula Au
Atomic weight 197,0
Assay Content not less than 90 % Au
Description Gold-coloured powder or tiny sheets
Silver Not more than 7,0 % After complete dissolution
Copper Not more than 4,0 %
Synonyms CI Pigment Red 57, Rubinpigment, Carmine 6B
Definition Lithol Rubine BK consists essentially of calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, calcium chloride and/or calcium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.
Class Monoazo
Colour Index No 15850:1
Einecs 226-109-5
Chemical names Calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalene-carboxylate
Chemical formula C18H12CaN2O6S
Molecular weight 424,45
Assay Content not less than 90 % total colouring mattersE1 cm1 % 200 at ca 442 nm in dimethylformamide
Description Red powder
Spectrometry Maximum in dimethylformamide at ca 442 nm
Subsidiary colouring matters Not more than 0,5 %
Organic compounds other than colouring matters:
2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, calcium salt Not more than 0,2 %
3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid, calcium salt Not more than 0,4 %
Unsulfonated primary aromatic amines Not more than 0,01 % (expressed as aniline)
Ether extractable matter From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %
Arsenic Not more than 3 mg/kg
Lead Not more than 10 mg/kg
Mercury Not more than 1 mg/kg
Cadmium Not more than 1 mg/kg
Heavy metals (as Pb) Not more than 40 mg/kg
 ANNEX II PART A
Repealed Directive with list of its successive amendments (referred to in Article 2)
Commission Directive 95/45/EC (OJ L 226, 22.9.1995, p. 1)
Commission Directive 1999/75/EC (OJ L 206, 5.8.1999, p. 19)
Commission Directive 2001/50/EC (OJ L 190, 12.7.2001, p. 14)
Commission Directive 2004/47/EC (OJ L 113, 20.4.2004, p. 24)
Commission Directive 2006/33/EC (OJ L 82, 21.3.2006, p. 10)
 PART B
List of time-limits for transposition into national law (referred to in Article 2) According to Article 2(2) of Directive 95/45/EC, products put on the market or labelled before 1 July 1996 which do not comply with that Directive may, however, be marketed until stocks are exhausted. According to Article 3 of Directive 2004/47/EC, products on the market or labelled before 1 April 2005 which do not comply with that Directive may be marketed until stocks are exhausted.
Directive Time-limit for transposition
95/45/EC 1 July 1996
1999/75/EC 1 July 2000
2001/50/EC 29 June 2002
2004/47/EC 1 April 2005
2006/33/EC 10 April 2007
 ANNEX III
Correlation table
Directive 95/45/EC This Directive
Article 1, first paragraph Article 1
Article 1, second paragraph —
Article 2 —
— Article 2
Article 3 Article 3
Article 4 Article 4
Annex Annex I
— Annex II
— Annex III